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INVENTIONS 



HOW TO 



Protect, Sell and Buy Them 



A PRACTICAL AND UP-TO-DATE GUIDE 
FOR INVENTORS AND PATENTEES 

BY 

FREDERIC a WRIGHT^ 

^^/fttomey-ai-Law, Counsellor in Patent Causesr> 



Flying Machines: 

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 

A Popular Account of Flying Machines, Dirigible 
Balloons and Aeroplanes. 

HY 

ALFRED W. MARSHALL. M.LMech.E. 

AND 

HENRY GREENLY. 





CONTENTS. 






Preface 


V. 


L 


Introduction 




7 


IL 


Dirigible Balloons 




25 


IIL 


Flying Machines 




58 


IV. 


The Art of Flying 




103 


V. 


Flying Machines of the Future . . 


111 


128 pages, 24 illustrations and 23 page plates. 




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^^nnMa, ^M,lJi4^ 



INVENTIONS 

HOW TO 
PROTECT, SELL AND BUY THEM 

A 

PRACTICAL AND UP-TO-DATE GUIDE 

FOR 

INVENTORS AND PATENTEES 

BY 

FREDERIC B. WRIGHT 

ATTORNEY-AT-LAW, COUNSELLOR IN PATENT CAUSES 



NEW YORK 
SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 123 Liberty Street 

LONDON 

E. & F. N. Spon, Limited, 57 Haymarket, S.W. 

1C08. 



iLtBRARY of OONOil^ 
two Copies Keceivcd 

MAR a 1908 

tqiQSS 
< 6oPY a. 



Copyright, 1908 
By Spon & Chamberlain 



Press of McIlroy & Emmet, ^2 Thames Street, New York City 



PREFACE. 



This book does not pretend to teach inventors 
how to be their own attorneys, nor how to pre- 
pare and prosecute an appHcation for Patent. The 
time-worn adage that he who is his own lawyer 
has a fool for a client, is as true of patent law as 
it is of other branches. 

It would be impossible even within the scope of 
a much larger volume to go into the details of 
patent practice. An attorney or solicitor becomes 
skillful in the drawing and prosecution of patent 
cases not so much from any reading of text books 
as by constant application of the law every day 
to concrete examples. It is not so much that he 
is learned in the fundamental principles which any- 
one may learn for himself as that he is learned 
and experienced in the application of these princi- 
ples. Each case differs in detail from every other 
and what at first sight seems the most simple may 
turn out to be the most complex and subtle. 

It may be asked then, why should the inventor 
bother himself with' "the • law at all ; why not leave 
every thing to his attorney? There are a num- 
iii 



ber of reasons. No inventor can properly instruct 
his attorney unless he understands the principle 
on which Patents are granted, and what a patent 
means. Again no patentee or owner of a patent 
right is in position to make his invention profit- 
able unless he understands the rights and privi- 
leges conferred upon him under the grant. Again 
he cannot properly follow and understand the con- 
duct of his case as it passes through the Patent 
Office. Further than this, he wastes time and en- 
ergy in devising unpatentable or commercially im- 
practicable mechanisms, or in taking out patents 
which are of no value. 

Ordinarily, it is only after several experiences 
with patents that an inventor comes to understand 
what he is after and why he gets it, and it is to 
give him this information at the start that this 
book has been written. The Author believes that 
this book, small as it is, will be of value to every 
inventor whether he be a tyro with a wonderful 
first idea, or one who has been through the mill 
several times. The statements of the Law may be 
relied upon, and the suggestions as to how to in- 
vent, or dispose of the invention are the result of a 
considerable experience with inventions on the part 
of the writer both as an Examiner in the Patent 
Office at Washington and an Attorney practicing 
before it. 

The Publishers will be pleased to answer any 
questions on the subject matter of this book. 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Introduction i 

CHAPTER I. 

The Natur.\l Rights of Invention and the 

Public. 

Monopolies and Patents. Patents in the United 

States I 

CHAPTER II. 
The Business of Inventing. 
The Process of Inventing II 

CHAPTER III. 
The Nature of a Patent and Patentability. 
The Considerations of the Grant. Principles or 
Systems not Patentable. An Art or Process. A Ma- 
chine. A composition of matter. An article of Man- - - 
ufacture. What is not patentable. A principle of 
nature. A manner or System 20 

CHAPTER IV. 
The Considerations for Which a Patent is 
Granted. Novelty and Full Disclosure. 
The requirements under Novelty. Previous Patents 
or use. A published description. Previous public 
knovi^ledge. Unpublished description. Unidentical de- 
vices as anticipations. Not patentable inventions. 
The vvrell-known proportions of a material. A substi- 
tution. Mere variations. Changes in the make leav- 

V 



VI CONTENTS. 

PAGE 
ing off or adding unaccentual parts. Double use, new 
use. Mere aggregation of old elements. Public Use. 
Inventor's Consent. Abandonment. What is public 
use? Experimental use 28 

CHAPTER V. 
Sole and Joint Invention and Joint Ownership. 
When an invention is not joint. Employer and Em- 
ployee. Invention made by Employee and ownership 
thereof. Joint Ownership i^S 

CHAPTER VI. 
Protection Before Applying for a Patent. 
Caveats. 
The application, etc. Attorney's. Documents. 
Claims. Specifications. A Caveat. Partition for a 
Caveat. Reduction to Practice. Delay is not excused. 
Lack of money 42 

CHAPTER VII. 
The Application for Patent and its Preparation. 
The Patent Office Procedure. Searches and free 
examinations. The Application. The Claims. Filing. 
Specification. Examination 56 

CHAPTER VIII. 
Patent Office Procedure. 
Interference. Rival Inventors. Re-issues. Exten- 
sions. Marking Patented 84 

CHAPTER IX. 

Transfer of Patent Rights. 
Selling and Buying Patents and Right therein. As- 
signments. Grants. Licenses. Recording. Agree- 
ments of all kinds 95 



CHAPTER I. 

The Natural Rights of Inventors and the 
Public. 

The right to the product of a man's brain is not 
an inherent right. Originally society, that is others 
than the creator, recognized property right only 
in those objects which were tangible and visible 
and indeed only then when they were actually in 
the possession of their owner. The lump of clay 
molded into a rude bowl, the rounded stone pierced 
for the insertion of a handle and strapped into 
place with leather thongs, if laid aside became the 
property of him who picked it up and could de- 
fend his possession. Only very gradually as the 
evolution of society made it necessary did the idea 
of a right of property separate from possession take 
root and grow. 

Before going into the details of the present arti- 
ficial patent rights, it will be well to consider briefly 
an inventor's or discoverer's natural rights. 

Naturally, man had no rights in an idea, once 
I 



2 INVENTIONS. 

the idea was given to the world. If he devised 
a new form of flint arrowhead, he could keep a 
monopoly of it, keep it exclusively to himself only 
so long as the embodiment of that idea was not 
seen by others of his tribe. Once seen by others 
they were at perfect liberty to make their flint 
arrowheads like the new one if they so chose. 
The inventor reaped no profit from his invention 
after his secret had been discovered and hence it 
was to his advantage to keep the secret hid. Of 
course, this was to the manifest disadvantage of 
the tribe. 

While secrecy was hard to keep in the case of 
a tangible body like an arrowhead, we will sup- 
pose the case to be a new method of making arrow- 
heads which the inventor might practice in the 
privacy of his own cave or in the depths of the 
forest. It would be to the tribal advantage to 
learn the secret as it would give the tribe a greater 
offensive and defensive capacity. It could only 
learn the secret however, either by forcing the in- 
ventor to explain it or by rewarding him for his 
disclosure. If it was not disclosed the inventor 
might die or run away and his secret be lost or 
carried to some other tribe. The tribe, therefore, 
for its own protection would come to an agree- 
ment with the inventor whereby in exchange for 
teaching this new art — this improved process — 
to others, who could carry it on, he would be 
given a lump return, or allowed to have a monop- 



NATURAL RIGHTS OF INVENTORS. 3 

oly of practicing the art while he Hved or during 
a term of }'ears. This would set him up as the 
chief manufacturer of arrowheads in all the 
country round ; a person of consequence, honors, 
and many cowrie shells. 

This arrangement, it will be seen, would be in 
the nature of a compromise between the natural 
right of the tribe to Use any improvement it saw 
fit once the idea had been shown to it, and the 
natural right of an inventor to withhold the secret 
of such an improvement if he could do so. Now 
it will be seen that the reward is not so much for 
the inventive act as for the disclosure. The re- 
ward is not for any inherent virtue in the in- 
ventor, not for his learning how to do the thing, 
but as payment for teaching his knowledge to 
the tribe or Nation. It is a plain business deal 
with consideration on both sides, and it is as a plain 
business deal with a tribe or nation through its 
head or government that we must conceive the 
whole matter of patent rights. Too many consider 
a patent right as a gift from the people, as a re- 
ward naturally due to an inventor for his smart- 
ness, as payment for the pains and labor required 
to invent. This is not the case. The payment 
is for the disclosure of the idea whereby the tribe 
or nation shall benefit. If it had been as a re- 
ward, the reward would have been equally due 
whether the thinker had disclosed his idea or not. 
He would have been just as ingenious and just 



4 INVENTIONS. 

as clever in one case as in the other, but without 
the disclosure the world at large would not have 
benefited. This doctrine of the benefit to the 
community as a consideration for the granting of 
exclusive rights is the key whereby the whole ques- 
tion of the mutual rights of the public and the 
inventor or discoverer may be easily adjudicated. 
The patent, as will be seen in a later chapter, is 
merely a contract between the public on one side 
and the inventor on the other, and it may be ended 
by a failure of consideration like any other con- 
tract. 

These principles have been very clearly put by 
Mr, Robinson, in his exhaustive treatise on Patents, 
wherein he says that the fundamental grounds on 
which all patent rights rest are 

" I : That the inventor having made such an 
invention as is entitled to the patent privilege, 
must communicate it to the public by publish- 
ing an accurate description of its character and 
uses. 

II : That the public having received from 
the inventor this communication must thence- 
forth during the period for which his privi- 
lege is granted protect him in the exclusive 
use of the invention so described." 

The reader will note that it is required, however, 
that the inventor should have made " such an inven- 
tion as is entitled to the patent privilege " in order 
to give the consideration necessary to bind the 



NATURAL RIGHTS OF INVENTORS. 5 

public in protecting him to the exclusion of others 
and that it is not any discovery on his part that 
so entitles him. A great many inventors believe 
that they are entitled to a reward for their work 
without regard to its being a disclosure to the 
public of something new or something old. They 
have the notion referred to above, that the in- 
ventive act itself is rewarded. A consideration of 
what has just been written on the subject will 
show them the mistaken nature of their ideas. 

Before considering in detail this contract be- 
tween the inventor and the Public, it will be well 
to distinguish between the ancient monopolies and 
Letters Patent for Inventions as we know them to- 
day. 

The origin of the patent system in this country 
may be generally said to be found in the Royal 
Grants by which the sovereigns of England gave 
to an individual or a private or public company 
a monopoly in trade or manufacture, thereby 
granting the exclusive privilege of making or 
using or selling certain articles, which but for the 
grant any other person would have had a right 
to make, or use, or sell. In the olden times it 
was often necessary that such monopolies should 
be granted in order to encourage manufacturing 
or trading enterprises, and indeed an analogous 
grant may be seen in the exclusive rights of way 
and subsidies given to our early railroads. With- 
out such large grants and assistance Capital could 



b INVENTIONS. 

never have been got to take the risk incident to 
what was then a novel and uncertain enterprise. 

If this had been the only reason for granting 
monopolies all would have been well, but from 
granting exclusive rights to common things on 
grounds of public policy, and the encouragement 
of arts and commerce, the rulers gradually slipped 
into the habit of granting them for favors done 
to the Crown — for money or services and event- 
ually as a matter of mere favoritism. Under these 
circumstances, the commonest articles became the 
subject of monopolies; salt, vinegar, starch, paper, 
iron and many other necessaries of life could be 
manufactured and sold only by a favored few. 
These abuses became so excessive and burdensome 
that eventually the power to grant monopolies of 
common articles was abolished in the reign of 
James I. of England. 

Such monopolies as these, it will be seen, violate 
the fundamental principle of their existence. 
There was no consideration for the grant ; the 
property of the public was taken away and noth- 
ing was given in return. In the case of a dis- 
closure of a new art or manufacture, however, 
nothing would be taken from the public by grant- 
ing a monopoly, and this distinction was recog- 
nized by the " Statute against Monopolies," which 
expressly excepted grants of exclusive privilege 
made to inventors and discoverors of new arts or 
manufacturers. To these the Crown could grant 



NATURAL RIGHTS OF INVEiVTORS. 7 

a monopoly of making or selling for a certain 
limited number of years in consideration of their 
disclosing the invention or discovery. This Stat- 
ute is the source of the Patent Laws of the United 
States. 

The principle of the Patent Law was a part 
of the common law which we received from England 
and was put into practice by the separate States 
even before any general United States Laws were 
passed. The foundation of the general Patent 
Laws, however, is to be found in the Eighth Sec- 
tion of the 1st Article of the Constitution where 
power is granted to Congress to ... " pro- 
mote the progress of Science and Useful Arts by 
securing for a limited time to authors and in- 
ventors the exclusive right to their Inventions and 
Discoveries." 

Under this Act Congress has from time to time 
passed laws regulating the means whereby exclu- 
sive rights of this character may be acquired and 
determining the terms and conditions of the Grant. 
These laws have been changed and altered fre- 
quently, but of the specific changes made in the law 
by the Acts of 1793, 1794 and 1800, etc., etc., it 
is unnecessary to speak. Our business is with the 
Statutes as they stand to-day and of these the Re- 
vised Statutes 4886, 4887, and 4888 are the only 
ones which need to be considered. These are given 
below. In addition the reader may be referred, for 
an extended consideration of these changes, to the 



8 INVENTIONS. 

volumes of Walker, Curtis and Robinson on the 
Law of Patents. 

" Sec, 4886. Any person v^ho has invented 
or discovered any new and useful art, machine, 
manufacture, or composition of matter, or any 
new and useful improvements thereof, not 
known or used by others in this country, be- 
fore his invention or discovery thereof, and 
not patented or described in any printed pub- 
lication in this or any foreign country, before 
his invention or discovery thereof, or more 
than two years prior to his apphcation, and 
not in public use or on sale in this country 
for more than two years prior to his applica- 
tion, unless the same is proved to have been 
abandoned, may, upon payment of the fees re- 
quired by law, and other due proceeding had, 
obtain a patent therefor. 

" Sec. 4887. No person otherwise entitled 
thereto shall he debarred from receiving a pat- 
ent for his invention or discovery, nor shall 
any patent be declared invalid by reason of 
its having been first patented or caused to be 
patented by the inventor or his legal repre- 
sentatives or assigns in a foreign country, un- 
less the application for said foreign patent was 
filed more than twelve months, in cases within 
the provisions of section forty-eight hundred 
and eighty-six of the Revised Statutes, and four 
months in cases of designs, prior to the filing 
of the application in this country, in which 
case no patent shall be granted in this country. 

" An application for patent for an inven- 
tion or discovery or for a design filed in this 
countr}' by any person who has previously 



NATURAL RIGHTS OF INVENTORS. 9 

regularly filed an application for a patent for 
the same invention, discovery, or design in a 
foreign country which, by treaty, convention, 
or law, affords similar privileges to citizens 
of the United States shall have the same force 
and effect as the same application would have 
if filed in this country on the date on which 
the application for patent for the same inven- 
tion, discovery, or design was first filed in 
such foreign country, provided the application 
in this country is filed within twelve months 
in cases within the provisions of section forty- 
eight hundred and eighty-six of the Revised 
Statutes, and within four months in cases of 
designs, from the earliest date on which any 
such foreign application was filed. But no 
patent shall be granted on an application for 
patent for an invention or discovery or a de- 
sign which had been patented or described in 
a printed publication in this or any foreign 
country more than two years before the date 
of the actual filing of the application in this 
country, or which had been in public use or 
on sale in this country for more than two years 
prior to such filing. 

" Sec. 4888. Before any inventor or discov- 
erer shall receive a patent for his invention 
or discovery, he shall make application there- 
for, in writing, to the Commissioner of Pat- 
ents, and shall file in the Patent Office a writ- 
ten description of the same, and of the man- 
ner and process of making, constructing, 
compounding, and using it, in such full, clear, 
concise, and exact terms as to enable any per- 
son skilled in the art or science to which it ap- 
pertains, or with which it is most nearly con- 



I'O INVENTIONS. 

nected, to make, construct, compound, and use 
the same ; and in case of a machine, he shall ex- 
plain the principle thereof, and the best mode 
in which he has contemplated applying that 
principle, so as to distinguish it from other 
inventions ; and he shall particularly point out 
and distinctly claim the part, improvement, or 
combination which he claims as his invention 
or discovery. The specification and claim 
shall be signed by the inventor and attested by 
two witnesses." 



CHAPTER II. 
The Business of Inventing. 

The old recipe for jugged hare began with 
" First catch your hare " and this rule is as appli- 
cable to patents as it is to cookery. Indeed, in- 
ventions are much more elusive things than any 
hare ever was. You cannot go out with a gun and 
bag a patentable invention nor can you set a 
trap for it, and this chapter which is written in 
an endeavor to give a number of useful hints to 
the inventor bids fair to be the hardest to write 
of the whole volume. A recipe may be given for 
the cookery of the hare, but none for the catching. 

And yet from the author's experience it would 
seem that would-be inventors, or rather would-be 
investors and profit- takers, need some advice as to 
the best application of their powers, — the best in- 
vestment of their time and labor, — which in many 
cases is time and labor thrown completely away. 
The invention is made, the Patent procured, nicely 
framed perhaps and hung up on the wall, — and 
yet no profit comes from it to the great amazement 
of the Patentee. Three chances out of five he 
blames the Government or the purblind manufac- 



12 INVENTIONS. 

turers, and denounces the Patent System, when it 
is no fault but his own. He has forgotten that he 
is merely an investor who has made a bad invest- 
ment. He is oblivious of the fact that the Govern- 
ment cannot make the public buy what they do 
not want. He overlooks his standing- as a mere 
purveyor and fancies that he should have a reward 
for the act of inventing regardless of what he in- 
vents and how. If he will keep in mind that he is 
in the same position as the vender of any other 
commodity, he will not be so prone to fancy him- 
self an ill-used individual, because the public de- 
clines to buy his wares. The Government is no 
more to blame for the unprofitableness of his in- 
vention than it would be if he had picked out and 
taken up a homestead right in the expectation that 
a big city would be built in the vicinity which should 
increase the value of his property manifold and no 
city had been built. It was a mistake on his part, 
or a misfortune. As for the Public, let him place 
himself in the position of the Public, — of one con- 
templating buying the invention, if he can do so, — 
and he will at once see the difficulties in Ms way. 
Unfortunately, the majority of inventors are like 
the majority of other creators ; they believe the 
children of their brain to be faultless and resent 
the least suggestion of imperfection, hence the diffi- 
culty of any impartial, business-like and cold- 
blooded view of their creation. 

There are two elements in every invention : The 



THE BUSINESS OF INVENTING. I3 

End to be attained and the Means whereby that 
end is attained. The end may be reached by a cir- 
cuitous and involved path or by one running di- 
rectly to the object. As a straight line is the short- 
est distance between two points, the direct method 
is always the best. Too many inventors fancy the 
attainment of the end by any means is sufficient. 
It is comparatively easy to get mechanism to pro- 
duce an effect but it is difficult to devise the best 
mechanism for the purpose, — the simplest mechan- 
ism, the most direct-acting, the mechanically proper 
mechanism. 

The casual, amateur inventor usually errs in 
this manner, and hence produces a mechanism of 
such a complication, of so many parts, so badly co- 
ordinated and combined that the machine is prac- 
tically worthless. It is to this class of inventors 
that the world is indebted for Railway Gates, whose 
" sticks and strings " would never stand the first 
shock of operation, rotary engines that can never 
be pursuaded to make more than one revolution, 
folding beds that do not fold. These, too, are the 
inventors of churns, dish-washers, fire starters, 
music turners, lock nuts, non-refillable bottles, and 
a host of domestic appliances, — inventions con- 
ceived at the fireside and carried out with string, 
cardboard and wire. It is wonderful to see how 
these matters repeat themselves over and over in 
the Applications filed in the Patent Office, each 
time with an innocent belief in the absolute novelty 



14 INVENTIONS. 

of the means and an ignorance of anything Hke 
it having ever been devised worthy of Adam him- 
self. 

Inventors of this class, that is the casual and 
careless inventor with no training in mechanics, 
should be on their guard as much against the too- 
obvious way of getting over a difficulty as of the 
too complicated and round-about. If the way is 
so obvious, then why has it not occurred to some- 
one else? Probably it has, and some one else has 
tried it only to find it practically inoperable. When 
I speak of the obvious way I do not mean neces- 
sarily the simple and direct. Some of the most ob- 
vious combinations of mechanical elements to pro- 
duce a given result are the most complicated. In- 
ventive skill is shown in devising, through long 
study and experiment, a simpler and more direct 
means to the end. The rule should be : Select 
that which is the simplest possible means capable 
of completely attaining the required result. — Not 
an easy thing to do but the Public is not paying 
for the doing of easy and obvious things. 

There is another error many amateur or casual 
inventors fall into. They invent useless things. 
Marvels of ingenuity, but ingenuity misplaced. 
Conglomerations of intricate mechanism for doing 
something which can be far more easily and quickly 
done by hand or in an entirely different manner. 
A machine capable at the cost of considerable time 
and trouble of writing letters in long hand, might 



THE BUSINESS OF INVENTING. I5 

be a very wonderful piece of mechanism but it 
would hardly be of value to the world if letters 
could be more simply and easily produced by the 
old fashioned method, or in a dififerent manner by 
a typewriter. The casual amateur inventor, with 
only a slight knowledge of mechanics, does his best 
and most profitable work on some small object 
of daily use and need. Let him not tackle compli- 
cated problems. The Public is willing to pay for 
two things : Clever inspiration, — or dogged, con- 
tinual, plodding hard work, based upon experi- 
ence. The copper-toed shoe, the return ball, the 
Waterman pen clip, — these are examples of the 
first class. The Hoe press, the telephone, the tur- 
bine engine, the typewriter are examples of the 
second class. 

There is another kind of casual inventor though 
who usually succeeds both practically and finan- 
cially, oftentimes indeed making a fortune by some 
simple improvement. This is the practical worker 
in any special field. He cannot be called a pro- 
fessional inventor for he does not devote his time 
to this, but neither is he altogether an amateur for 
he has a practical working knowledge of the field 
in which his improvement lies. This is the man — 
or woman (though the latter usually invents by 
sudden inspiration) who devises those improve- 
ments on already existing machines which tend 
to increase the working capacity or to perfect their 
operation. These, through daily experience in a 



l6 INVENTIONS. 

factory or shop are aware of a need or defect and 
are likewise aware of what has been done and of 
the conditions to be considered. These are the 
practical common-sense " smart " men, the ideal 
" Yankee " inventor and it is perhaps this class 
who make more by invention than any others. 

It is the methodical and trained mechanical en- 
gineer of learning and experience that the world 
owes for the second class of inventions. These 
are not conceived one day and perfected the next. 
Men of this stamp take infinite pains with their 
work, neglect no effort at perfection and make 
themselves by long study and experiment, experts 
in their particular lines. These are professional 
inventors, and as they require no suggestions as 
to their procedure, this reference to them is suffi- 
cient. 

The process of inventing. There can be no 
rule of course laid down for the production of sud- 
den and clever inspirations. They come into the 
mind of man without warning and often without 
preceding conscious reasoning, but even as regards 
inspirational inventions the following suggestions 
may be made : 

Be sure that the device suggested will do the 
work. Try it. Try it completely and under serv- 
ice conditions. 

Consider carefully how it can best be made. 
When )'0U have worked this problem out, go to 



THE BUSINESS OF INVENTING. 17 

a mechanic skilled in that particular art and get his 
suggestions. Should it be cast, or forged or 
stamped? Can it be made in a shaper or does it 
require hand work? Is it difficult and expensive 
to assemble? Have you combined and co-ordi- 
nated the individual elements and reduced the 
mechanism to its simplest form? When these 
questions and others are all answered, — then, and 
only then have you practically perfected your de- 
vice and commenced reduction to practice. 

How the invention is to be manufactured is one 
hardly ever considered by the amateur inventor, 
and too frequently lost sight of by men of ex- 
perience. Yet it is most important and on it often- 
times depends success or failure. 

Study carefully the actual working conditions of 
a trade or art if you are desirous of improving 
it ; — the speed at which your machines must work 
to be commercially practical, the material they must 
handle, and its peculiar shape, consistency or tex- 
ture. Consider also the finished product, whether 
defects therein will render it unsaleable or not. 
These are vital matters. The writer knows per- 
sonally of a case where an invention was bought 
and some fifty thousands of the devices manufac- 
tured and put on the market. They met with a 
ready sale for apparently they filled a great need. 
Yet after a few weeks' trial they were returned on 
the hands of the manufacturer. They could not 
work certainly at the speed required, and for want 



l8 INVENTIONS. 

of certain assured action were of no value. The 
Company failed and the inventor lost a large sum 
in possible profit simply bcause of incomplete in- 
vention. 

Case after case might be cited showing the neces- 
sity of working knowledge of the conditions of 
operation and the inventor is warned to take spe- 
cial care in this regard. 

Another example may be given along this line. 
Some thousands of alleged non-refillable bottles 
have been devised yet a very large per cent, of these 
cannot be manufactured by glass workers, the parts 
cannot be molded nor blown, nor can they be as- 
sembled. Another cause of failure in this line is 
the ignorance of most non-refillable bottle invent- 
ors as to the expert methods used in filling bottles. 
The most expert maker of non-refillable bottles for 
inventors stated to the writer that there was not 
one bottle in a hundred which he made that he 
could not easily refill by using, one or another of 
the many methods known to experts. 

There is one other stumbling block of which a 
certain class of inventors should be warned. Do 
not take nature as a guide. Animals progress by 
means of levers called legs, yet no one would ad- 
vocate mechanical legs in place of wheels as a 
means of propelling vehicles. A fish swims by 
means of its tail, but the application of an analo- 
gous mechanism to the propulsion of vessels in 
place of the screw-propeller, would be absurd. 



THE BUSINESS OF INVENTING. I9 

Nature can suggest to the inventor, but always 
remember that machines and Hving creatures are 
different things. This advice might seem need- 
less but for the weird schemes every now and then 
broached to a derisive world. 



CHAPTER III. 
The Nature of a Patent, and Patentability. 

A Patent is usually considered to be a grant, in 
the nature of a gift to the inventor, a prize, 
awarded to him, as a prize of Five Dollars might 
be awarded at a County Fair for the fattest hog, 
or the largest pumpkin, 

A Patent is not a prize in that sense, nor a re- 
ward, nor a gift. It is a contract, and nothing 
more. 

Like any other contract, a patent is dependent 
upon the keeping of its conditions. The Patent 
Office, when it signs the contract by issuing a pat- 
ent, does not agree to guarantee that the conditions, 
as far as the Patentee is concerned shall be ful- 
filled and remain so. It only guarantees that if 
the conditions are as claimed by the Patentee, then 
he shall be allowed certain artificial rights. 

It is analogous to a Government grant of cer- 
tain mining rights. A man sees what he believes 
are indications of gold. He investigates and de- 
cides that the gold is present in the rock. He al- 
leges his belief, and claims the mining rights. The 
public through the Government grants him the 
20 



THE NATURE OF A PATENT. 21 

right to mine that land, — in other words, to get 
gold from it • — if gold is there. It does not guar- 
antee him that gold is there, and if he fails to find 
any gold it is his own fault or misfortune and not 
the Government's. 

The Public through its representatives, cannot 
guarantee either the value of a Letter Patent, nor 
can it guarantee that the conditions on which the 
contract or patent is based have been fulfilled by 
the Patentee. That is something for which he must 
look out himself. The Government's part is nega- 
tive. It is up to the inventor to fulfil the condi-- 
tions. 

If a party agreed to buy everything new a seller 
produced, he would not be obliged to pay money 
to the seller unless the latter had produced some- 
thing new. And if it could be shown that an arti- 
cle which was bought by the first party as new was 
not really new, the seller could not complain if he 
was required to repay the money wrongfully se- 
cured. 

This is generally understood in transactions be- 
tween man and man, — but it is not understood in 
transactions between a man and the Public. This 
is largely because the Government, i. e. the Pat- 
ent Office is substituted for the Public, — and the 
Public is forgotten. From the earliest ages it has 
been considered right to get anything from the 
Government possible. There is reason in this view 
when the Government represents a power apart 



22 INVENTIONS. 

from the People, when a grant or franchise is a 
mere act of favoritism, but there is none where the 
Government is the Commomvealth, — the Publ'". 
itself. It is not the abstraction called the Goven ■ 
ment which is granting you something out of i • 
own treasure chest of privileges, but the Peop 
of the United States who are giving to you a poy^ 
tion of rights otherwise theirs, and giving it " -^ 
you for certain recognized and defined consider:,,, 
tions. ) 

A clear understanding of this is necessary. To ,[ 
many inventors fancy when their patent is broke f 
in the Courts and found invalid, that it is someho\ , j 
the fault of the Government; that the Public, hav 
ing granted a patent should defend it from atr 
tacks by itself, that the Government has guaran t 
teed the validity of the patent by issuing it. Thos< ; 
inventors, usually have an appliance not wortl , 
patenting, — are full of grievances and are prone tc 
denounce the Government and the Patent Systen 
as if they had been defrauded. They cannot bf . 
defrauded of something they never had. They hac 
a patent, yes, but the right of which the patent i? 
merely evidence they never had. They believed 
they had it, the Patent Ofifice believed they had it, 
but as a matter of fact the Courts have decided that 
they did not have it. 

A United States Patent is a contract or agree- 
ment between an inventor and the people of the 
United States, that assuming he has devised some 



THE NATURE OF A PATENT. 23 

new thing, not before known, he shall be given an 

exclusive right to manufacture, use and sell the new 

device in the United States for a period of 17 years 

ir 7, 14 or 21 years in the case of Designs). 

This agreement is based upon the disclosure to 

e Public of some new thing of value to it. If 

p is not new, then there can be no disclosure, for 

, fere is nothing to disclose. If it be of no value to 

^. le Public they do not care for the disclosure. We 

ive therefore novelty and utility, as the conditions 

recedent to this contract. Novelty, recjuiring a 

rge consideration will be taken up in the next 

lapter, but of utility it may be said that this re- 

uirement is purely negative. Any invention which 

; not deleterious to the physical or moral health 

f the Nation is held to be useful. Inventions for 

nmoral purposes, gambling devices, etc., etc., are 

ot " useful " and are not patentable. 

A United States Patent is granted to anyone, 

t'hether a citizen of the United States or a subject 

»f a foreign Government, whether man, woman, or 

hild, who is the original inventor or discoverer of 

L new and useful thing or art, within the meaning 

of the law. A United States Patent is granted for 

the whole term of 17 years in the case of inventions 

in arts, machines, manufactures or compositions 

of matter, but not for any less period than the whole 

term. 

Patents for mere ornamental inventions, called 
Design Patents, are granted for terms of 7 years, 



24 INVENTIONS. 

14 years, or 21 years as the applicant may elect 
when he files his application. 

There are five great classes of inventions for 
which patents may be granted : Arts, Machines, 
Manufactures, Compositions of matter, and Im- 
provements thereon. 

An art or process may be defined as : 

A mode of treating certain materials con- 
sisting of a series of acts performed upon the 
material, which may make it better or trans- 
form it into a different thing. 

The acts performed may be either chemical 
or mechanical, and the result may be either a 
change in the chemical constitution of the prod- 
uct or its mechanical constitution. 

All methods of preparing a product, whether the 
product be bread, or iron, or building material or 
textile fabric (to name some instances) are arts. 

The novelty of the method consists either : 

In the production of a new material (in 
which case the novelty of the invention con- 
sists in the new use to which the old method 
is put) 

or 

In the novelty of the steps themselves. 
Each step by itself need not be novel, though 
it of course, may be. but the combination of 
steps must be, and their relation to each other. 

A machine may be defined as : 



THE NATURE OF A PATENT. 25 

A combination of mechanical elements, or 
powers, so co-ordinated, and put together that 
when set in motion, they shall all act together 
to produce a certain predetermined physical 
effect. 

While an art covers the steps or acts by which a 
result, without reference to specific mechanism, is 
procured, a machine covers the mechanism capa- 
ble of carrying through a certain series of steps 
or acts. As a matter of fact the term mechanism 
or machine is so well understood that there is no 
necessity of considering this class further. 

A composition of matter may be defined as : 

An article or product composed of two or 
more substances, chemically or mechanically 
combined by chemical union or mechanical 
mixture. This product may be either a fluid, 
a powder or a solid. 

An article of manufacture is so broad a term 
that for all practical purposes it may be said to 
include all inventions, not properly classed as ma- 
chines, processes or compositions. On the one 
hand it covers small parts of machines, capable of 
being separately manufactured and sold ; on the 
other, combinations of mechanically combined ma- 
terials, not properly " compositions." 

Thus, a stove lid or a paint brush would come 
within the term, as well as a textile fabric, a house 
or a street pavement. 



26 INVENTIONS. 

The distinction between a machine and an arti- 
cle of manufacture lies in the fact that an article 
of manufacture is not capable of being set in mo- 
tion and by its own operation attaining any pre- 
determined result, while a machine is so capable. 

What is not patentable. The non-patentability 
of an invention or discovery is very hard to set 
forth, and indeed may be best stated by reference 
to specific matters which are not patentable. 

A principle of nature is not patentable, but only 
the means whereby the principle is applied. Thus 
a patent would not be granted on " using gravity 
as a means of delivering grain to vessels " on 
" sending signals by electricity," on " magnetism " 
or " on the use of steel where strength is required." 

Thus the first discoverer of magnetism could not 
have an exclusive right to all applications of this 
principle. The discoverer of the fact that steel is 
hard could not patent this discovery and have an 
exclusive right to the use of steel in all situations 
wherever hardness was a requisite. 

A process or art which is not useful is not pat- 
entable. 

A manner or system of performing certain work 
which does not produce a product is not patent- 
able. Thus a manner of playing a game is not 
patentable, though the appearance of the game, the 



THE NATURE OF A PATENT. 2/ 

cards, pieces, boards, implements, etc., are. A 
manner of plowing, or reaping, a manner of sew- 
ing, a manner of keeping books, a manner of get- 
ting the attention of the public or of exploiting 
the sale of an article or of advertising, are all un- 
patentable. There is no tangible product and, as- 
suming the means used to be old, nothing on which 
a patent can be issued. 

The above remarks also apply to a way or man- 
ner of packing goods, or displaying them before 
the public. This may be a convenient way, an at- 
tractive way, a profitable way, but if it does not pro- 
duce a mechanical effect, or result in a new product, 
it is not patentable. 

Every Patent Attorney receives " inventions " of 
this type on which an application for Patent is sug- 
gested, and hence it has seemed necessary to the 
author to particularly describe what can not be the 
subject of a patent in order that his readers may 
be delivered from the mistaken, but general im- 
pression that a way of doing work, not properly an 
art, is patentable. 



CHAPTER IV. 

The Considerations for Which a Patent is 
Granted : 

novelty and full disclosure. 

The requirements under " novelty." 

That the invention shall not have been 
known before conception. 

That it shall not be obvious. 

That it shall not have been given to the pub- 
lic after its invention. 

The real requirement for a valid consideration 
on which a patent may be granted is that the in- 
vention shall not be already the property of the 
public. The Government has no more right to 
give the property of the public to one man than to 
appropriate the public money in the Treasury to a 
private use. 

If an art, a machine, a manufacture, or a com- 
position is known to the public, and used by them 
a sufficient length of time then the Government 
has no power to deprive the public of their prop- 
erty, and give the exclusive use, sale and manufac- 
ture over to a private person. 
28 



CONSIDERATIONS FOR A PATENT. 29 

Previous patents or use. The most obvious 
case of an invention having been known before, is 
when the actual subject-matter has previously been 
patented, or even previously in common every day 
public use. If it is patented, the rights to it be- 
long to the Patentee. If not patented the rights to 
it belong to the public. 

A mere public use in a foreign country will not 
prevent the grant of a patent in the United States, 

The reason is that such use, may not be known 
to citizens of the United States, and the law as- 
sumes that such a foreign use is not known un- 
less evidence to the contrary is given. 

A published description in a foreign country, 
is assumed to imply a knowledge in the United 
States because a published book or article is avail- 
able as a source of information to citizens of the 
United States, and such publication would be a 
bar to the grant of a patent or render a patent in- 
valid. 

Previous public knowledge without use. 

Again, though never used, if the invention has 
been described and set forth in some volume to 
which the public has access, either in this or a for- 
eign country, so that the public might have known 
if it chose, a patent can not be issued, as the in- 
vention of public property. The description how- 
ever, must be so full and complete as to put the 



30 INVENTIONS. 

public in full possession of all the facts necessary 
to an operation of the invention. A hint or sug- 
gestion of possibilities will not do. 

Unpublished description. A prior application 
for patent is not an anticipation, for as it has never 
been published, it is not publicly known and is 
therefore assumed not to be the common property 
of the Nation. 

A mere written description, not published for 
common circulation, not placed where the public 
may read, and learn, is not such public knowledge 
as will anticipate an invention, or render a patent 
invalid. 

Unidentical devices as anticipations. What 
constitutes the quality called " invention." What 
are obvious changes. 

Anticipation by prior .devices, or matters which 
are identical with the supposedly new invention, is 
easily understood, but anticipation by reason of 
unidentical things is very rarely understood by the 
ordinary inventor, though it forms the subject of 
the larger part of the decisions of the Patent 
Office and the Courts. 

The line dividing false " invention " or non- 
" invention " from true invention is very hard to 
distinguish, and in this debatable border land be- 
tween them, you will find the highest authorities 
differing. Just so you will find the highest author- 



CONSIDERATIONS FOR A PATENT. 31 

ities differing regarding the beauty of a picture, or 
the Hterary vakie of a book. 

The following matters are not " patentable in- 
vention." A mere change in the proportions of 
an old device is not patentable. To make a thing- 
larger or smaller ; to make its parts relatively larger 
or smaller, is within the rights of anyone. This 
manner of adapting the apparatus to varying con- 
ditions of work, is considered to be plainly ob- 
vious. Thus changes in the proportion of gears 
to increase or decrease the speed of a machine, 
changes in size fitting it to an analogous use, do 
not involve invention, 

Substituting one old and well known material 
for another, is not invention, but a mere obvious 
change. Such a change may be good and the de- 
vice so made may be better adapted to its work, 
and be more commercially valuable, but it is ob- 
vious. It is well within the general knowledge of 
the public, and the right to make such a change 
cannot be given to one man to the exclusion of an- 
other. 

The well known properties of a material are 

within public knowledge, and the use of that com- 
mon knowledge is public property. Where one 
man used iron, another seeing that the iron rusted, 
cannot get a patent on using brass or copper, for 
the non-corrodible properties of these metals are 



32 INVENTIONS. 

well known. There must be some new effect gained 
from the substitution ; an effect not before known 
to exist. 

A substitution of one old and well known 
form of gear or mechanical movement for an- 
other is considered obvious. Certain combina- 
tions of wheels and levers to produce a cer- 
tain, effect are well known to any mechanic, and 
their use is public property. One form may pos- 
sibly work better than another, but the selection of 
one form rather than another is merely a matter 
of good judgment. It does not rise to the dignity 
of a creative effort and should not be rewarded spe- 
cially. 

Mere variations in form, not accompanied by 
or giving rise to changes in actual result are ob- 
vious. These may tend to cheapening the cost of 
making a device, as by cutting down on the amount 
of material need, or the amount of work required, 
and are therefore commercially valuable, but they 
are not patentable. 

Changes is the manner of making a device, 

when one old process or manner is used for an- 
other, are not patentable. If a device, or part of 
an apparatus has been heretofore forged it is ob- 
vious to cast it instead. If a shell has been here- 
tofore spun, it is " obvious " to make it by stamp- 
ing. 



CONSIDERATIONS FOR A PATENT. 33 

Leaving off, or adding unessential parts is ob- 
vious when no essentially different result is ob- 
tained. 

Double Use. It may be said that : — 
To use an old device in a manner which is anal- 
ogous to its use before, is considered obvious, where 
the results produced in the two cases are analogous. 
Thus, the use of a joint in the tubing of oil-wells, 
would be analogous to the previous use of such a 
joint in gas pipes. The use of a peculiar form of 
clutch in a dental drill, would be entirely analogous 
to the use of the same form of clutch in rock drills. 
A blower for blowing grain along a tubular con- 
veyor would be analogous to the use of a rotary fan 
for forcing water through a pipe. The use of 
packing rings in the piston of a steam engine would 
be analogous to the use of the same rings in a 
pump piston. 

The test of double use is : — Do the two like 
devices operate in the same manner to produce a 
like effect. If they do, one is not patentable over 
the other. 

New use. When two devices are similar in 
construction, but their operation is different and 
their effect is different, the use of the device in a 
new situation is -not obvious, and is patentable " in- 
vention." In such cases as this it has required a 
certain cleverness and genius to see the new use. 



34 INVENTIONS. 

It is not the construction which has been invented 
so much as the use itself. 

The screw was well known ages ago. Its prin- 
ciple was thoroughly understood. It was used for 
raising water. The screw was fixed and the water 
moved. Nevertheless the use of a screw on a 
ship acting against the water, the screw moving 
with the ship and against the water was a new 
use, not obvious, and entirely patentable. 

Mere aggregation of old elements, in one con- 
struction is obvious, and not patentable. This may 
be illustrated by imagining an automobile of or- 
dinary type, but composed of elements old sepa- 
rately, but never before all brought together. The 
lamp we will suppose to be old, the horn old, the 
steering mechanism the same as used in another 
machine, the transmission gear of no novelty, the 
tires of a common type, the pump old and well 
known, etc., etc. There would be no invention in 
aggregating all these old elements on one body. 
The total would be merely the sum of each element 
taken separately. It might be a very fine machine. 
It might be most convenient to have all these sep- 
arate devices on the same machine, but the law 
would consider such an agglomeration as obvious, 
and as much within the rights of the public as wear- 
ing a red cravat with a black coat and gray trous- 
ers, or requiring as little invention as hanging a 
^pencil to one end of a chain, and a watch to the 
other. 



CONSIDERATIONS FOR A PATENT. 35 

The inventor and the buyer of inventions should 
in this matter consult a patent attorney who is 
skilled in applyuig the decisions of the courts, and 
the rules of the law. It is but rarely that any other 
than a professional inventor or patent lawyer is ca- 
pable of distinguishing what is " invention " over 
what is not, and indeed even the professional in- 
ventor is not to be trusted. The invention is his 
child, and he is prejudiced in its favor. 

Public use. While if an invention is known or 
used by others before the inventor's conception, it 
is of course public property, let us suppose that 
after the inventor's conception but before his ap- 
plication for Patent, it became known to others. 

Knowledge, without a use prior to the applica- 
tion, has no effect as a bar to the patent, but if the 
invention was in use, or on sale in the United States 
for more than two years, before the inventor ap- 
plies for his patent, such use is a bar to the grant, 
and renders a granted patent invalid. 

Consent of the inventor is not necessary, as 

far as the public at large is concerned, though if 
it could be shown that the idea of the invention 
was stolen from the inventor, then it is probable 
that this lack of consent or knowledge on the in- 
ventor's part might be considered. 

In the first case, however, the matter is and has 
become public property, because of an independ- 



36 INVENTIONS. 

ent invention by some one else, but the Use and 
Sale Clause of the Statute refers not to the Pub- 
lic's acts, but to the inventor's negligence, and the 
oath taken by the inventor that the invention has 
not been in use or on sale for two years prior to an 
application, is simply that he has not deliberately 
abandoned it. 

Abandonment may be either tacit or deliberate. 
If the inventor does not perfect his conception and 
reduce it to practice he is considered to have aban- 
doned it deliberately. 

If he allows others to use and manufacture it, 
for two years prior to perfecting his rights, he aban- 
dons it. 

If he drops his experimenting, does nothing fur- 
ther with his construction until some one else re- 
invents it, it is abandonment. If he lets his appli- 
cation lapse for non-payment of fees, he abandons 
it. 

In other words, he either drops his work, thereby 
doing nothing for the public for which he should 
be paid, or else he gives his invention to the public, 
and cannot retake his gift. 

The inventor must remember that : — 

Any actual sale or use — no matter how slight 
is Public Use and Sale, and if occurring two years 
before the application is an absolute bar to the 
grant. 



CONSIDERATIONS FOR A PATENT, 37 

Any gift by him of the machine or article or 
process, etc., is a pubHc use. 

Allowing another to make the device, or to use 
the same, is Public Use. It has even been held 
that when a corset attachment was worn by one 
person alone with the inventor's permission for two 
years before the application was filed the attachment 
being concealed, yet such use was " public," and 
rendered the subsequent patent void. 

The inventor must beware of two things, gen- 
erosity and negligence, if he wishes to protect his 
rights. 

What is not public use under the statute. 

The law presumes that the inventor must have 
time to experiment and perfect his invention and 
opportunity for doing so. 

Experimental use is therefore not considered 
public, even though carried on in public, for there 
are many inventions which cannot be tried out in 
any other way. Such are inventions which have 
to be tested on public conveyances, or put up where 
the public can handle them. Such use should be 
limited to experiments, solely, — and either no profit 
derived or the profit is entirely incidental. 



CHAPTER V. 

Sole and Joint Invention and Joint 
Ownership. 

The laws provide that Patents shall issue to 
original inventors, their representatives or assigns. 
There is no other manner in which Patent can be 
granted in the United States, — though, in foreign 
countries the introducer of an invention may pro- 
cure the patent in his own name. Notwithstanding 
this, this matter of who shall apply for a patent 
on an invention is one very little heeded by in- 
ventors. If you want your patent to be void, one 
of the surest ways is to have it granted to you and 
another who is not an inventor. 

When only one person devises an invention it 
must be applied for by that person only. 

When two or more invent, the application must 
be made by all the inventors. 

It makes no difference that a sole inventor is 
willing to share his invention with another, or that 
several inventors are willing to give their rights 
to one ; the patent must be applied for by the in- 
ventor or inventors. If you wish to transfer your 
38 



JOINT INVENTIOX OWXERSHIP. 39 

rights to one man, or to several, do so by assign- 
ment, as explained later. 

When an invention is not joint. Putting up 
money to finance an invention, or assist the inventor 
does not constitute the friend an inventor, but merely 
a partner. 

When two persons each invent distinct and op- 
eratively separable parts of a device, they are not 
joint inventors. They must each take out a sepa- 
rate patent. 

When one merely suggests the need or usefulness 
of a device, without suggesting any means, he is 
not a joint inventor with him who devised the con- 
struction itself and reduces it to practice. 

Employer and employee. When one devises 
a construction, but employs another to make the 
device and reduce the invention to practice, there 
is no joinder of invention. An inventor has a right 
to employ the skill of others to perfect his inven- 
tion, and suggestions made by such employee, or 
improvements so adopted belong to the original 
conceiver, and not to the employer, nor is the em- 
ployer a joint inventor. 

Invention made by employer, and ownership 
thereof. When one is employed to make an inven- 
tion, and does so in fvilfillment of the contract, the 
invention belongs to the employer, though the ap- 
plication for patent must be signed by his employee. 



40 INVENTIONS. 

When an invention is made by an employee, not 
under a specific direction, and in the employer's 
time, it belongs to the employee entirely. 

If a machine is made or a process devised, and 
another is allowed to construct and use the machine 
or operate the process, without objection, then the 
inventor is barred or estopped from claiming any 
income or pay for that machine or use. The in- 
vention is of course the inventor's, but the user 
has been given what practically amounts to a li- 
cense. 

Joint ownership. Joint inventors, or assignees 
of a patent are " tenants in common." They each 
have an undivided share. 

They are partners and hence the act of one is 
binding on all. One of the owners can grant a 
license — contract for royalties, make or release 
agreements just as well as another, or the whole of 
them can, and this does not matter whether he has 
an undivided one-hundredth part, or an undivided 
three-fourths interest. 

Each of the several joint owners can make and 
sell and license others to make and sell the inven- 
tion, without regard to the other owners and with- 
out regard to the amount of his undivided interest. 

Hence it follows that when it is desired to keep 
or acquire the control of an invention, a company be 
formed, in which the controller shall have the ma- 
jority of shares of stock. To this company the in- 



JOINT INVENTION OWNERSHIP. 4I 

venter assigns his invention out and out. He can 
thus keep the control or sell it as he desires. 

There is much misunderstanding about this mat- 
ter of joint ownership — and inventors and buyers 
of patents should remember the foregoing in all 
transactions. 



CHAPTER VI. 

Protection Before Applying for a Patent. 

Caveats. 

The inventor cannot be too strongly advised to 
keep records of the growth of his invention, not 
only as a means of refreshing his memory and that 
of others to whom the invention in its various 
stages was shown, but also as evidence to be used 
either in Interference proceedings or in Infringe- 
ment suits. 

He should note the date of his conception of the 
invention. 

He should preserve his first rude sketches noting 
the date when made. 

He should preserve his first models in such con- 
dition that they may be identified by him and by 
his friends, and if possible in such condition that 
their operation may be self-evident. 

Bills for work done in connection with the ex- 
perimental period, letters referring to his progress, 
old diaries, photographs made from time to time, 
all these may become of great value in proving 
the dates of conception, experiment and reduction 
to practice. 

It is not necessary that every scrap of this sort 
42 



PROTECTIOX BEFORE APPLYING. 43- 

should be kept, but only that he should have a con- 
secutive record of the work done, so preserved as 
to be easily produced and identified. 

The following plan is a good way of identifying 
and fixing the date of conception. Let the inventor 
make a clear sketch of the salient features of his 
mechanism or device and write out a brief but 
clear description of it. Attach to these the follow- 
ing attestation of a Notary or Justice of the Peace 
and have him impress his seal upon all the papers 
through the attestation. 

County of 
State of 

On this day of personally appeared 

before me, John Doe, a Notary in and for the 
county arid State aforesaid, Richard Roe, to 
me personally known, who made oath that the 
papers hereto attached contain a description 
and drawing of an invention conceived by him 
on the day of of which he believes 

himself to be the original and sole inventor. 

(Signed) John Doe, 
(Seal.) Notary Public. 

To this attestation might be attached others, as 
of a confidential friend, to the following effect : 

State of 1 

County of j 

John Robinson, being duly sworn, deposes 
and says that he is personally acquainted with 



44 INVENTIONS. 

Richard Roe, that on the day of he 

was shown the drawing and description hereto 
attached and knows that the said Richard Roe 
claims to be the inventor of the construction 
therein set forth. 

(Signed) John Robinson. 
Sworn to before me this day of 

(Seal) John Doe, 

Notary Public. 

The impressure of the seal should, if possible, be 
visible in all the papers as thus they are identified 
as having been attached to each other and as being 
the papers referred to in the attestation. 

It will be seen that there is no need of the 
Notary seeing the contents of the papers if this is 
not desired. He is simply attesting the date of the 
papers and the claim of the inventor. If he sees 
them, however, and understands the invention, so 
much the better as he can thereby be so much a 
better witness if a witness is needed. 

It will be seen that a paper such as this is much 
stronger evidence as to the date than a paper merely 
signed and dated by the inventor himself. The in- 
ventor might have fraudulently ante-dated a paper 
of this kind but it is not likely that he could have 
procured a Notary of Justice to misdate it for him. 

While caution should of course be used in show- 
ing an invention to others, yet it must be also borne 
in mind that by showing and describing the device 



PROTECTION BEFORE APPLYING. 45 

to others the date of the inventive act is more 
certainly proved than by the unsupported testimony 
of the inventor alone. . It is well as a matter of 
record and as a means of fixing the . date of such 
disclosure that these others should sign a memo- 
randum or swear to a statement that they have' had 
the invention described to them on such and such 
a date, — the statement identifying the invention 
as clearly as possible, either by reference to its ef- 
fects or its construction. The latter is preferable. 

Remember that vague and uncertain testimony is 
of little value and hence that the better your witness 
knows the invention the more valuable his testimony 
will be. 

This is well illustrated by the testimony pre- 
sented by Daniel Drawbaugh in the famous Tele- 
phone cases, which though great in volume was so 
vague as to be of hardly any value as proof. Draw- 
baugh alleged that he invented the telephone some 
years prior to Bell, and in support of this allega- 
tion he produced fragments of old models and ap- 
paratus and some hundreds of witnesses to testify 
that they had known of his invention years prior 
to Bell's conception. 

The " models " merely consisted of disjecta mem- 
bra, — of fragments gathered from the scrap heap, 
not capable in themselves to show that they were 
parts of an operative electric telephone. 

The witnesses testified vaguely that they under- 

means of 



46 INVENTIONS. 

transmitting speech, — that they had heard Draw- 
baugh talk over some sort of a transmitting mech- 
anism, but not one of them could tell what the mech- 
anism was or how it was alleged to operate, or if 
it operated electrically at all. As far as their evi- 
dence went the mechanism might have been a speak- 
ing tube or a string telephone. The Supreme 
Court decided that Drawbaugh had not proved his 
case, — at least as against conclusions to be drawn 
from certain inconsistencies in his actions, and 
awarded priority to Bell. 

This case illustrates the danger of being too ret- 
icent, too secretive, but there is equal danger in be- 
ing too frank. A hint of an invention even may 
be the means of starting another man on the trail, 
and either bringing a device into public use (see 
Chapter IX) at a date sufficient to defeat the inven- 
tor's right or permitting the other man to procure 
a valid patent through his earlier reduction to prac- 
tice and more diligent action. 

And here is another caution : Do not present 
your friends with specimens of your invention as 
gifts or sell it to them unless you intend to apply for 
your patent immediately, as such gift to a friend, 
more than two years prior to the date of the appli- 
cation, has been held to be sufficient public use to 
defeat a patent. 

A Caveat. Beyond taking the precautions above 
described, there are no other means whereby an in- 



PROTECTION BEFORE APPLYING. 47 

venter can protect his rights during the period of 
experimental work, except by filing a Caveat in the 
Patent Office. 

A Caveat is a notice or warning to the offi- 
cials of the Patent Office that you are working on a 
certain idea, trying to bring it to that stage of per- 
fection whereat it may be patented. A Caveat 
merely lays your claim before the Patent Office 
and entitles you to be warned of the filing of an ap- 
plication by someone else for a patent on like sub- 
ject matter. 

A Caveat is good for one year. It may be re- 
newed however, at the expiration of its time by 
the payment of another fee. If during this time an 
application is filed by another party for a like con- 
struction the Caveator is notified of this fact and 
also notified that he must file a regular application 
for patent himself within a reasonable time. If he 
does so, the two applications are placed in " In- 
terference." If he does not do so, he is held to 
have abandoned his case and the Patent issue to 
the applicant. 

If the invention is so far perfected that it is oper- 
ative, and complete, do not file a Caveat unless 
forced to do so by lack of means. It is a waste of 
money for the regular application has still to be 
filed and it does not give near the protection that 
the application does. 

As a Caveat is for an incomplete invention and 
as it is merely a warning to the Patent Office it 



48 INVENTIONS. 

may be very informally prepared. It consists of 
a Petition, Description, Oath and Drawing. 
The Petition is as follows : 

Petition for a Caveat. 
To the Commissioner of Patents : 

Your petitioner, , a citizen 

of the United States and a resident of , in the 

county of , and State of , (or sub- 

ject, etc.) whose post-office address is 
represents : 

That he has made certain improvements in 
and that he is now engaged in making experiments 
for the purpose of perfecting the same, preparatory 
to applying for letters patent therefor. He there- 
fore prays that the subjoined description of his 
invention may be filed as a caveat in the confi- 
dential archives of the Patent Office. 

Signed at , in the county of 

and State of , this day of , 19 • 



Attached to this is the description beginning as 
follows : 

To all whom it may concern : 

Be it known that I, John Doe, have invented 
certain new and useful implements in of which 

the following is a description. 



PROTECTION BEFORE APPLYING. 49 

This should be clear and as exact as possible but 
need not have any formal claims. 

Accompanying the description is the following 
oath 

State of 1 

County of j 

John Smith, being duly sworn deposes and 
says that he is a citizen of the United States 
and a resident of County of , and 

State of ; and that he verily believes 

himself to be the original, first and sole in- 
ventor of the improvement in herein 

described. , . . 

(sig.)- 

Sworn and subscribed before me, a Notary 
Public in and for the County of , State 

of , this day of 

The drawing may be a mere sketch, a drawing 
on tracing cloth, or a blueprint, but it should show 
the construction as clearly as possible. 

The Government fee on filing a Caveat is $io. 
If possible the Caveat papers should be prepared 
by an attorney, though the necessity of an attorney 
is not as important as in preparing an application. 

Reduction to practice. — Delay in filing ap- 
plication. The inventive act does not end with 
the conception of the invention. That conception 
may be vague or it may be extremely definite and 
clear, but if the inventor rests upon his oars at this 



50 INVENTIONS. 

stage he is liable to lose his rights entirely. Either 
the public will acquire these rights or some in- 
ventor, possibly independent, possibly a rival with 
knowledge of his invention, will by the exercise of 
superior diligence acquire the rights. 

As was stated in Chapter I, the law does not 
contemplate rewarding an inventor for doing noth- 
ing. It does not reward the inventor, as has 
before been stated, for merely inventing, no matter 
how much of a mental effort that act may have 
been or what ingenuity, care, experiment or ex- 
pense was involved. A mere idea lying in the in- 
ventor's brain does the country no good. The in- 
ventor might die, he might depart for a foreign 
country and nothing be ever heard of his invention 
again. Unembodied inventions are never in a form 
which is entirely practical. When an invention is 
transferred from the inventor's brain or from paper 
to the workshop it is usually found to be inoperative 
as first devised. It requires to be worked out, to 
be brought down to a practical basis and numerous 
modifications must be made before the machine is 
an actual operative commercial device. Until the 
construction is on this basis the inventor is not 
considered to have accomplished anything worthy 
of reward. 

The inventive act is not ended by merely making 
a drawing of the machine. It continues through- 
out the whole period of experiment and only ends 
with the final reduction to practice. 



PROTECTION BEFORE APPLYING. 5 1 

Reduction to practice does not mean the mere 
making of a model. It means the making of a 
machine of such size and such construction as will 
operate under service conditions. It does not mean 
a mere experimental device of sticks and strings and 
cardboard and tin, nor even an elaborate and costly 
model on a small scale. It means a working de- 
vice; a device capable of showing the accompHsh- 
ment and fulfillment of the inventor's ends, capable 
of being tested under service conditions, capable 
of showing its operativeness and value under these 
conditions. This is the second stage or it may be 
termed the third stage in the inventor's journey, 
the first stage being conception, the second stage 
the preparation of drawings and models, the third 
stage being actual reduction to practice. Then and 
then only has the inventive period terminated. 

Applying for a Patent. Many inventors do not 
wait for complete reduction to practice before ap- 
plying for patent, but if the device is reduced to 
practice first, the inventor should apply for his 
patent as soon as possible thereafter. He need not 
wait to absolutely perfect the construction if the 
principle is so clearly correct that no great changes 
need take place in order to fit it to actual use. 
Every day's delay weakens his right to patent and 
can be excused with difficulty. The courts do not 
look with favor upon delay and negligence and it 
takes strong proof to convince the court that the 
delay was unavoidable. 



52 INVENTIONS. 

Delay is not excused by the desire of the m- 
ventor to see if the invention will pay commercially. 
The inventor must take a chance. The cost of 
patenting is relatively small, smaller than the prime 
cost in other investments, and if the inventor waits 
for others to exploit his invention, and show that 
the device is of value thinking that later he will 
come into the game, claim the construction as his 
own invention and get the profit therefrom, he 
is mistaken. The Courts will hold that he should 
have the courage of his convictions and that he 
should have tried to protect himself and that if 
he did not do so he cannot reap the reward of other 
men's endeavors. 

Business considerations are no reason for delay. 
The mere fact that you cannot come to an agree- 
ment with a manufacturing company, that you have 
a partner from whom you wish to break away, that 
you are waiting until you can make a change ia 
your business relations, — none of these things are 
excuses in the eyes of the law. 

Lack of money may be an excuse but it must be 
shown that this lack was absolute and actual. The 
fact that you could not afford to file the application 
will not be taken as an excuse. It must be actual 
inability; and the circumstances of the case, your 
own actions and the implications arising therefrom 
will be considered in this connection. If you have 
filed other applications but not the one, negligence 



PROTECTION BEFORE APPLYING. 53 

will certainly be imputed. If it can be shown that 
you have made other investments and not this in- 
vestment, you will be deemed to have thought very 
little of your invention. If you allow others to 
manufacture and use and say no word, delaying 
meanwhile the steps which you should take for 
your protection, the inference is that you had no 
intention of protecting.. 

The surest road for an inventor to take for loss 
of an invention is the Delay, Linger and Wait road. 
Once your application is filed and on record, you 
may rest upon your oars provided there is no 
rival inventor in the field, but if there is a rival 
inventor even after your patent is issued and he 
can show that he has been more diligent than you 
have, that he reduced to practice sooner, that he 
put it out on public use and sale sooner, even 
though he may have filed his application later than 
your application is filed, the patent will be granted 
to him and your patent will be void or your ap- 
plication rejected. 

A prior conceiver will lose his rights as against 
a later conceiver but a first reducer to practice, 
A prior conceiver and first reducer to practice may 
lose his rights against a later inventor and later 
reducer to practice if the later reducer has put 
the device into public use and on sale earlier than 
the first reducer and has in other ways either pro- 
tected his rights or given the device to the public. 

Remember it is this disclosure to the public, this 



54 INVENTIONS. 

advantage to the public which forms the foun- 
dation for all reward and that the country is not 
paying for or giving exclusive privileges as a re- 
ward to a man for inventing. It is for giving 
the invention to the public, giving the public 
something new and worth while. 

To recapitulate, the inventor is advised to pre- 
pare drawings of his inventions, descriptions of 
the same, and to keep such drawings, to keep all 
important models, to keep records of his experi- 
ments and lists of those to whom he has shown 
the device. He is counselled to reduce to prac- 
tice at the earliest possible moment and to file his 
application either before the final reduction to 
practice or as soon after as possible. He is ad- 
vised indeed not to wait until his invention is abso- 
lutely perfect before filing his application. File the 
application on a broad idea and leave the deta!ils for 
a later application. The first application can be 
kept alive in the Patent Office but not issued until 
the second application is filed. This costs a little 
more but it is the best practice. Bell's telephone 
was not the perfect construction it is to-day when 
Bell's first application was filed. A telephone con- 
structed according to Bell's first application would 
be almost inoperative, so crude is the mechanism 
and it was many years before the invention there 
embodied was brought to any commercial perfec- 
tion. 

Remember that while the patent is not given to 



PROTECTION BEFORE APPLYING. 55 

a first applicant irrevocably, and that even though 
you are a later applicant for the same device you 
can defeat the first application or even a patent 
already granted, yet that it is far better to have 
your application on file first, or have your patent 
granted first and thereby show by the record your 
diligence and your faith in the utility and value 
of vour device. 



CHAPTER VII. 

The Application for Patent and its 
Preparation. 

It is in the preparation of the apphcation papers 
that the assistance of an attorney is ahnost ' abso- 
lutely requisite, for on the proper preparation of 
the specification and claims depends very largely 
the value of the patent. There are simple cases 
which may be prepared by the applicant himself 
and there are many cases filed in the Patent Office 
by an inventor without the assistance of an at- 
torney, but the inventor is most earnestly advised 
not to trust to his own ability in this regard. 
There are very few inventors who really under- 
stand the proper preparation of a case, very few 
inventors who really understand the scope of a 
patent and almost none of them have more than a 
rudimentary idea of the manner in which a case 
should be prosecuted and argued. Very often an 
inventor will start the case himself, prepare the ap- 
plication and file it, possibly carry through one or 
two actions and arguments but before he has gone 
very far he finds himself in a bog of misunderstand- 
ing and either gives up entirelv or seeks the assist- 
56 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 57 

ance of one who is skilled in this particular form of 
practice and to whom the actions of the Patent 
Office are entirely clear. 

The Patent Office endeavors as far as it pos- 
sibly can to protect the interests of the inventor 
where the inventor is his own attorney but it is 
not the business of the Office to do this and it 
must be perfectly obvious that the employees of a 
great Government Department, overburdened with 
work, cannot give to one single inventor such as- 
sistance as he really needs. They will casually 
suggest to him certain changes or even tell him 
specifically how to amend the claims, but the 
author has hardly ever known a case where the 
inventor did not sooner or later retain the serv- 
ices of an attorney. And this must be borne in 
mind : That an application once filed cannot be 
changed so far as adding anything to the subject 
matter or taking away anything from the subject 
matter. The specification may be amended to 
more closely conform to the drawings or to better 
state the function of the invention or its operation, 
but it cannot be made to include what was not 
originally set forth. The statement cannot be 
varied in essentials; Hence if an applicant so 
states his case that the invention is not completely 
set forth, and important parts and essential ele- 
ments are left out, he is bound by that statement 
and either must accept a patent which is defective 
for that reason, or else must abandon his case and 



58 INVENTIONS, 

file a new one which would be quite as expensive 
to him as procuring the services of an attorney. 

It must be remembered that the Patent Office 
uses a certain technical language. This language 
is perfectly clear to patent attorneys but it is 
largely a foreign tongue to an inventor unless he 
has had a long experience. 

Though the services of an attorney are abso- 
lutely requisite yet the inventor should himself 
share in the labor of presenting his case. The 
most skillful man cannot make bricks without straw 
and unless the inventor assists the attorney by all 
means in his power the specification and claims 
may be defective. It is the inventor's invention, 
not the attorney's. The inventor supposedly 
knows more about it than any other person and 
he should state his knowledge in full to the attor- 
ney and give him all the help he possibly can. He 
cannot blame an attorney for defective patent if 
he, the inventor, has not done his share. The in- 
ventor should disclose to the attorney all the facts 
of his invention. The construction of it, the man- 
ner in which it may be manufactured if he knows 
such a manner, and particularly the advantages 
residing in it. He should, if possible, compare 
it with what he knows to be the state of the art. 
He should point out to the attorney the defects 
of prior constructions and the way these defects 
have been overcome by his own device or art. 
The inventor should not assume that the attorney 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 59 

is familiar with the mechanical side of the propo- 
sition. He may be or he may not. If he is, he 
will tell the inventor so and the inventor can very 
easily check up this knowledge by considering the 
work which the attorney does. But it is wrong 
to expect that an attorney will be necessarily fully 
acquainted with all the details of all the various 
arts and manufactures. It is true that his ex- 
perience is usually a very wide one but it is not 
specialized as is the inventor's experience. The 
inventor should provide the facts as a party to 
a lawsuit does. It is for the attorney to take 
these facts and apply the law to them, to marshal 
these facts and display them before the Patent 
Office, to reason from them, and looking ahead 
to foresee future contingencies and to provide 
against them. 

Don't go to your attorney with a mere nebulous 
and vague invention. Remember that his time is 
valuable and when you consult him have a clear 
drawing of the device ready to show him. Be 
clear in your understanding of it and try to ex- 
plain every point. 

Don't assume that you are the sole person in the 
entire world who has ever thought of this device. 
Most inventors become indignant upon the mere 
suggestion that there has ever been anything like 
their construction and when the attorney tells 
them that he hardly believes the device to be new, 
they look upon it as more or less of an insult and 



6o INVENTIONS. 

suggest that in that case, as the attorney has no 
faith in them, they will carry the case to another 
lawyer. Thereby they are apt to lose the services 
of an honesf man and take the services of a man 
who is perfectly willing to pretend to a belief in 
the invention for the sake of the fees. Remember 
that the attorney is rather apt to be cynical in 
patent matters. He has had hundreds or thou- 
sands of cases presented to him, the larger por- 
tion of which are not novel in any sense of the 
word. Hence he is liable to doubt the novelty of 
almost anything presented to him unless the same 
is particularly striking and effective. Many times, 
too, an invention while really novel is so very 
much like what has gone before that it requires 
considerable explanation in order to show the dif- 
ference between the old and the new. Don't spare 
this explanation. Point out the distinction to the 
attorney. Thereby he will be able to prepare your 
case far better than he could otherwise do. 

Another important point is to be sure that the 
attorney does understand the case. Remember 
that you are paying him for this understanding 
and see that you get it. \yhen the specification 
has been prepared read it carefully. See that it 
states your case precisely as you wish it and if it 
does not do so, find out the reason from your at- 
torney. If he shows you that as a matter of law 
his statement is correct, it is best to bow to his de- 
cision, but on matters of fact your own judgment 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 6l 

is probably as good as his. Many valuable claims 
have been lost by the inventor being ignorantly 
satisfied with an attorney's statement, the attor- 
ney being ignorantly unaware that the statement 
is not sufficient. 

Searches and pre-examinations. Previous to 
preparing the application it is sometimes advisable 
to have a search made through the records of the 
Patent Office to discover if the device or art is 
novel and therefore patentable. Where the in- 
vention is a simple one, an article of manufacture, 
an uncomplicated combination of mechanical ele- 
ments or where it is desired to discover whether 
anything producing the same effect has ever been 
patented, a search is most desirable. 

Where the invention is complicated or one which 
belongs to a class of mechanisms which has been 
much worked over by inventors, a search does not 
give very much information that can be relied 
upon. Many mechanisms are of such character that 
the Patent Office drawings of them are very hard 
to read and inventions in merely parts of these con- 
structions are very difficult to search for. In classes 
of this character, a search is never by any means 
certain and hardly worth while to attempt. It is 
much better to file the application with as broad 
claims as you or your attorney think desirable and 
then wait for the judgment of the Patent Office. 
Remember that the judgment of your attorney on 



62 INVENTIONS. 

these facts can never be final. You may believe 
in the novelty of your invention, and your attorney 
may so believe, but if the Examiner in charge of 
the class of devices does not believe in its novelty, 
you will either have to abandon the case or appeal 
it. If the Commissioner to whom you appeal does 
not believe m the novelty of the invention you will 
have to either abandon or appeal, and hence it 
follows that the opinion of the attorney based upon 
the facts as he finds them in the records, is not 
final. It is merely the opinion of an expert and 
you have no right to blame the attorney, at least 
in many cases, if his opinion is reversed by the 
Patent Office. There are always two sides to 
every law case and it is notorious that doctors, even 
the most expert, disagree in their diagnoses. 

The application. After the preliminary ex- 
amination has been made and carefully considered 
it next becomes necessary to prepare the applica- 
tion papers. 

The application for patent comprises a formal 
petition; a specification or description of the in- 
vention with a full statement of its mode of oper- 
ation, the claims wherein the specific points of 
the invention are pointed out; the drawing which 
shall show one or more embodiments of the con- 
struction, and the oath stating that the applicant 
believes himself to have fulfilled the requirements 
of the Statute. 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 63 

The form of petition is to be found at the end 
of this chapter. The petition, as will be noted, 
should give the Post Office address of applicant and 
appoint an attorney to represent him before the 
Patent Office. 

The specification and claims are the important 
points of the application. The specification is a 
description of the invention in such full, clear, ex- 
act and precise terms as will be understandable 
by anyone skilled in the art 'and as will disclose 
to the public the inventor's discovery and permit 
the public to carry on the discovery even were the 
inventor not alive. 

Here again the inventor will see that it is the 
disclosure which is valuable, and that unless that 
disclosure is full and complete the inventor is giv- 
ing nothing to the public, and if he gives nothing 
to the public the patent is of course invalid for 
lack of consideration. 

The specification should not contain unneces- 
sary description. Parts which are old and well 
known, of whose construction any mechanic is 
aware, need not be described at length, but let the 
inventor be careful that his specification whether 
prepared by himself or by his attorney points out 
and clearly sets forth the essential principles of 
his invention before the application is filed. If you 
believe that a point is not clear, call your attorney's 
attention to it. If you believe that a feature is not 
properly shown and described, call your attorney's 



64 INVENTIONS. 

attention to it. An inventor is entitled to the full; 
aid and advice of his attorney and if the specifi- 
cation does not seem to him correct, he should not 
hesitate to bring it to the attention of his attor- 
ney. 

It is sometimes necessary in order that the scope [ 
of the invention shall be fully understood that the 
specification shall refer to prior inventions or to 
the state of the art, pointing out the advantages 
due to the construction set forth in the application. 
Such references, however, should be in very gen- i 
eral terms and should under no circumstances 
refer specifically to the patent of a rival inventor | 
or to a rival construction. Statements derogatory 
of other inventions and invidious distinctions will 
not be allowed. 

At the same time while the Patent Office will 
not allow such statements to be printed, it is often- 
times good practice to state them in the first in- 
stance in order that they may come to the atten- 
tion of the Examiner so that he may see precisely 
what the applicant is driving at and note the dis- 
tinction between the old and the new construction. 
Such statements as these and statements of ad- 
vantages show the Examiner zvhy a patent should 
be granted and an applicant must never forget that 
the Examiner should be shown why. It is the 
inventor's and attorney's business to show him 
why. The advantage accruing is the reason for 
the issue of the patent and unless some advantage 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 65 

does follow from the use of the invention then 
there is no ground for the issue of the patent. 

In its formal features the specification comprises 
a statement of applicant's name, address and the 
title of the invention. Then follows a statement of 
the general class to which the invention belongs 
and the specific devices to which it relates. After 
this usually comes the description of the several 
figures of the drawing and then follows a descrip- 
tion of the invention itself as illustrated in the 
drawings, the various parts being referred to by 
numerals or letters corresponding to the charac- 
ters on the drawing itself. The specification 
usually winds up with the mode of operation of 
the invention, the manner in which it may be ap- 
plied and the advantages to be derived from it. 

Where there are equivalent elements or con- 
structions which might be used without departing 
from the spirit of the invention, these equivalents 
should be stated, not necessarily specifically but 
in such manner that there shall be no misunder- 
standing with regard to the scope of the invention. 
If a part may be reversed, or two parts inter- 
changed, this capability of reversal or interchange- 
ment should be stated. Remember that the claims 
are to be " read " upon the specification, — that 
they are to be construed by the specification, and 
that it is only through the specification that they 
can be properly applied. Remember also that the 
specification is meant for the world at large and 



66 INVENTIONS. 

that if you do not fully explain your invention the 
world will not understand it. 

Defective specifications have often invalidated a 
patent where the description was not so full and 
complete as would make the invention under- 
standable. Sometimes, where this defect has un- 
intentionally occurred, it may be corrected in a 
Re-issue, but where the defect or concealment is 
fraudulent and for the purpose of misleading the 
public, the patent will be absolutely invalid. 

Inventors have sometimes fancied that it would 
be particularly clever if they did not give to the 
public the whole of their invention, if they retained 
some important element in their own mind so that 
after the lapse of seventeen years when the patent 
had expired they would be still able to control the 
trade. If the invention cannot be worked by 
means of the information contained in the patent, 
the patent is invalid. This cannot be reiterated 
too strongly. Again the inventor will see why it 
is so necessary that he give full information to 
his attorney and if he does not give this full in- 
formation he can only blame himself for defects 
in the specification. 

The claims are the heart and vital center of a 
patent. Most inventors who have not had pre- 
vious experience believe that the claims are state- 
ments of advantage and in writing to their attor- 
ney they are very likely to say :, 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. ^"J 

" I claim, I : That my invention is far superior 
to all others in simplicity. 2 : That operating a 
harvester reel through an auxiliary lever on a 
rock shaft is far better than any other method here- 
tofore devised, etc., etc." 

These are not claims. They are statements of 
advantages and very poor statements of advantages 
at that. They have no part, in the crude form 
in which they are stated, in a patent specification. 

The claims are specific averments' of the bound- 
aries of applicant's patent and they bear the same 
relation to the patent itself as the statement of 
boundaries, direction lines, etc., to be found in a 
deed. Everyone knows how particularly a deed 
has to be drawn and the same or even greater 
particularity has to be used with inventions. The 
function of the claims is to point out to the public 
precisely what the applicant beUeves to be his own. 
It is by the claims that the public is to guide its 
actions. If the applicant does not claim enough 
the public has a right to use what he has omitted 
to claim. If he claims too much the public's 
rights are just that much limited and curtailed. 

There are two general forms of claims : Broad 
claims and limited or narrow claims. 

The broad claim is in general very much more 
valuable than a narrow claim can possibly be. In 
the accompanying specification the broad claims 
have been marked with the letter A on the side, 
the narrow or specific claims with the letter C, 



68 INVENTIONS, 

and claims which are neither particularly broad 
nor particularly narrow have been marked B. It 
will be seen from a consideration of the broad 
claims that they are drawn to cover first the 
spirit of the invention in its largest application, and 
secondly the essential elements of the invention 
leaving out all reference to those incidents or in- 
cidental variations in form which are non-essen- 
tial. Every non-essential statement which is 
made in a claim is just that much unnecessary 
limitation and detracts just that much from the 
value of the claim. 

Reduce your invention to the simplest elements 
capable of complete operation. Cut out any ref- 
erence to matters which do not tend to this unitary 
complete operation and the statement of the ele- 
ments remaining will be a broad statement of your 
invention. If these elements are stated in terms 
of their operation the claim will be still broader 
and hence more valuable. Claims merely upon 
the function of a machine, its mode of operation 
as distinguished from its mechanism are not al- 
lowable, but claims which define a mechanism by 
reference to its manner of operation are allowable. 
It is almost impossible to so state this that the 
average inventor will understand it but it is not 
the aim of this book to make of the inventor a 
patent lawyer. It is the author's object to supply 
the inventor with such information that he will 
have some understanding of the efforts of the at- 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 69 

torney and that he will be able to give to him just 
the aid which is necessary for a proper presenta- 
tion of the case. Ignorance on the part of the in- 
ventor increases the attorney's work to a very 
large degree and may often render it nugatory. 

Inventors are very apt to consider that a claim 
which states every item of a machine, or every 
step in the process, or every detail of an article 
of manufacture is particularly valuable. They will 
read such a claim, which amounts to a catalogue of 
parts, will metaphorically smack their lips over it 
and insist that such claim is the one that pleases 
them best, utterly oblivious of the fact that such a 
catalogic claim as this is far less valuable than the 
simpler claims merely stating in general terms the 
construction of the machine. If the Government 
offered you the privilege of choosing any land 
within the boundaries of the United States, giving 
you the right to do with that land as you pleased, 
would it not be far more valuable to you than a 
grant of land, the land being set ofT by metes and 
bounds, the exact courses particularized, and every 
land-mark stated. In one case you have a free and 
unlimited choice of any parcel of land within a cer- 
tain territory, — in the second case you are abso- 
lutely limited and bound by the courses laid down 
in your deed, and no choice is allowed you. 

The claims of a patent are precisely of the same 
character. A limited, narrow or specific claim is 
one which lays down your allotment or right by 



70 INVENTIONS. 

metes and bounds, hard and fast lines which you 
cannot overstep, — whereas broad, simple claims 
such as the claims " A " in the typical specification 
following this chapter, give the inventor room in 
which to turn, allow for variation, allow for the 
principle of the invention being embodied in va- 
rious forms and are made with reference to the 
future and the many changes which may be desired. 
If a claim states " a lever " for instance, the in- 
ventor may use any form of lever he desires with- 
out reference to its shape or to its class, but if a 
claim states a bell-crank lever or a lever of a cer- 
tain limited form, as for instance having a bifur- 
cated end or being pivoted in a certain manner, the 
patent is limited to thereto and any departure 
from it avoids the claim. Thus if the claim is lim- 
ited as above, and another uses a different form of 
lever or uses a lever in a different manner, or leaves 
off the lever entirely, he is not within the terms of 
the claim and cannot be held for infringement. It 
has been decided time after time that the dropping 
of any one of the elements named in a combination 
claim (that is, a limited claim where every ele- 
ment is named) will avoid infringement. Thus 
if a claim calls for combination of elements i, 2, 
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc., a manufacturer who leaves out 
any one of the elements and only uses the elements 
I, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 is not infringing the claim, the 
element 4 being dropped. It is to the inventor's 
advantage then that the claim should only state 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 7I 

those elements which are absolutely necessary to 
produce a single result and to state such mechanisms 
only in general terms. If a certain combina- 
tion of elements is absolutely necessary then every 
manufacturer will be obliged to use them, either 
alone or combined with other parts, but whether 
they are alone or whether they are combined with 
other parts, the person who uses this simple com- 
bination of elements must pay for such use. 

It may be supposed from what has been said be- 
fore that a patent without broad claims would be 
of no value and ofifers no protection to the inventor. 
This, however, is not the case. The value of 
narrow claims depends very largely upon the state 
of the art. If it has been much worked over it is 
impossible to get broad claims and the narrow 
claims may cover those perfections of the broad 
idea which tend to make the device commercially 
valuable, or to make it more valuable than slightly 
inferior constructions. If the inventor has a de- 
vice which contains the final word in a line of in- 
vention, which perfects that invention and puts it 
in shape for better operation or quicker sale, the 
limited claim which recites the details of the inven- 
tion will be practically as valuable to him as a broad 
patent. 

The function of narrow claims is as follows : 
In case the broad claims are decided to be invaHd 
by a court, the inventor can then fall back upon his 
narrow claims. It is like a series of earthworks, 



'J2 INVENTIONS. 

one behind the other. If the first defense is carried 
by the enemy, the defender can retreat to the sec- 
ond earthwork. If that is carried, then to the third 
and so on. That is precisely the value of limited 
claims. The broad claim might be found to dis- 
close no invention and to be therefore invalid, but 
the limited claims including as they do a larger 
number of parts in the combination or a more de- 
tailed statement of construction, might retain their 
validity and cover the infringing device so fully as 
to gain the decision. 

Remember that the claims cover a mechanism, 
an embodied idea. To merely conceive that it might 
be a good thing if a machine could be invented for 
a certain purpose does not constitute invention, and 
hence the Patent Office will not allow patents which 
are so broad as to cover all ways of performing a 
certain act. It is quite common after the grant of a 
patent for inventors to complain that others are do- 
ing the same work but with a different machine and 
ask " If anyone has the right to use any other ma- 
chine than ours for that work." These parties may 
be the first to devise a machine capable of doing 
the work but they cannot merely because of that 
fact, prevent all others from inventing machines 
which will do the same work. Patents are not 
granted on merely doing work by machinery where 
it was before done by hand. They are granted 
for specific and concrete machines operating in a 
certain manner and capable of performing certain 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 73 

functions or for specific steps in a process. Hence if 
other parties devise a construction or process which 
is entirely different in principle and operation from 
your own construction or process they have a right 
to patent it and a right to use it without infringing 
your patent. The question is always as to how far 
they have departed from the construction ; how far 
they have used the principles devised by you. 

The drawings for the Patent Office are required 
to conform to very rigid requisites, as below. 
Models are not required by the Patent Office and 
will not be received unless they are specially re- 
quested by the Examiner. 

The paper must be pure white, and of a 
thickness corresponding to three-sheet Bristol 
board; the surface must be calendered and 
smooth. 

The sheet must be exactly lo by 15 inches. 
If more illustrations are needed several sheets 
must be used. One inch from its edges a sin- 
gle marginal line is to be drawn, leaving the 
"sight" precisely 8 by 13 inches. A space of 
not less than 1% inch from the top within the 
marginal line is to be left blank, for the head- 
ing of title, name, number, and date. 

All work and signatures must be within the 
marginal lines. 

The drawing must be executed in deep black 
lines, to give distinctness to the print, and must 
be made with the pen only. 

India ink alone must be used. 

In shading, the same ink must be used, how- 



74 INVENTIONS. 

ever fine the lines. Brush shading and pale, 
ashy tints must be entirely avoided. 

Letters and figures of reference must never 
appear upon shaded surfaces. 

Drawings should be rolled for transmission 
to the office, not folded. 

When views are longer than the width of 
the sheet, the sheet is to be turned on its side, 
and the heading will be placed at the right, 
and the signatures at the left, occupying the 
same space and position as in the upright 
views, and being horizontal when the sheet is 
held in an upright position ; and all views on 
the same sheet must stand in the same direc- 
tion." 

After your attorney has prepared the application 
you should examine it and examine it most care- 
fully. See that the description is correct and bear 
in mind what has been stated with regard to the 
claims. See that they are correct. Limited, nar- 
row claims may be comparatively easily procured 
from the Patent Office and attorneys who do work 
at a very cheap price cannot possibly afford the 
time and care necessary to prepare and prosecute 
proper broad claims. Narrow claims are compara- 
tively easy to draw. They may be almost laid 
out by rule, but broad claims requiring as they do 
an analysis of the construction in hand and a care- 
ful distinction between what is essential and what 
is non-essential require time and thought, and a 
large amount of work. If your attorney has not 
seemed to grasp your idea, tell him so. Point out 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 75 

to him that you beHeve he has not grasped it and 
wherein you think he has erred. If you do not un- 
derstand the claims have him explain them to you. 
Have him explain their scope and the various equiv- 
alent constructions which any one claim might cover, 
and only after you are fully satisfied should you sign 
the application. 

Only one invention may form the subject of one 
application, and this rule holds true even where 
inventions work together for one general end. The 
combination so formed must co-act, — one element 
with another. The mere fact that the two things 
may be used together, that it is convenient that 
they should be so, would not make them one inven- 
tion. The rules of the Patent Office in this regard 
are very strict and where in the opinion of the Ex- 
aminer an application covers two constructions a 
division is required, — that is, that claims to one of 
the inventions shall be cancelled from that case and 
either abandoned or filed in another case. 



SPECIFICATION. 

To all zvhom it may concern: 

Be it known that I, John Doe, a citizen of the 
United States, residing at Chicago, in the county 
of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented a 
certain new and useful Wave-Power, of which the 
following is a specification. 

My invention relates to wave-motors and to 



76 INVENTIONS. 

means whereby the intermittent energy of the waves 
may be transformed into a constant source of power. 

One object of the invention is to furnish an 
economical, efficient, and easily-erected device by 
which the action of the waves may be rendered 
available by being transformed into other forms of 
energy. 

A further object of the invention is to provide 
means for protecting that part of the apparatus 
exposed to the waves from submergence or undue 
violence of the waves. Generally stated, the in- 
vention embodies a suitable support and a float 
mounted in relation to said support and free to fol- 
low each phase of wave activity, whereby, through 
the media of suitable transmitting apparatus, to 
store up energy in the form of compressed air, 
electricity, &c. 

The invention further embodies a suitable sup- 
port, a centrally-pivoted float free to rock and re- 
ciprocate in said support to accord with varying 
conditions of wave activity and height of tide, 
means for converting the motion of the float into 
other forms of energy, and means for protecting 
the float from submergence or undue violence of 
the waves. 

The invention further consists in certain novel 
constructions, combinations, and arrangements of 
parts hereinafter referred to and finally claimed. 

The nature, characteristic features, and scope of 
the invention will be readily understood from the 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. "J^ 

following description, taken in connection with the 
frontispiece, forming a part hereof, wherein — 

Figure i is a side elevational view of a wave- 
power embodying features of the invention. Fig. 

2 is a top view of the translating mechanism. Fig. 

3 is a detail illustrating a means of uniting the sup- 
porting-girders. Fig. 4 is a perspective view of an 
air-compressor (shown as an example) whose pis- 
ton-carrying frame may be attached to the transmis- 
sion-rod. 

Referring to the drawings, A represents the 
float, here illustrated in the form of a boat, held in 
place by the standard B, consisting of suitable sup- 
porting-girders S, secured together by means of 
metal straps S'. The float is provided centrally 
with pivots C, which are free to move vertically in 
suitable ways D of the standard or support, 

E represents the foundation of the standard, here 
shown as embedded in the sea-bottom. 

F is a framework attached to and moving on a 
universal joint G for operating through the trans- 
mission-rod H the translating mechanism located 
on the shore or on a float adjacent to the wave- 
motor. In the form herein illustrated for utilizing 
the power, I V are two rods forming a fork on the 
end of the transmission-rod H and provided with 
teeth cut opposite to each other. 

h V are ratchet-wheels engaged by the teeth on 
I V. 

X X represent intermediate gearing for commu- 



78 INVENTIONS. 

nicating the motion of the rods I V to the power- 
wheel d. 

c c' are two cyhnders of an air-compressor, the 
piston- frame of which is attached by the joint g 
to the transmission-rod H. 

L represents a protecting breakwater or wave- 
shield. Said shield may or may not be mounted 
on the standard or support B. In either event it 
is so located as to stand in the path of the waves 
acting upon the float A and so arranged that any 
wave of unusual size or violence will impinge 
against the shield and its violence or continuity be 
broken before reaching the oscillating float. 

The operation may be described as follows : The 
float and its standard being located where there is 
a constant wave action, the motion of the waves 
causes the float A to rock up and down on its 
pivot C — in other words, giving it a bodily move- 
ment vertically and an endwise movement verti- 
cally. This rocking motion of the float is commu- 
nicated, through the universal joint G, as a recipro- 
cating motion to the transmission-rod H, to which 
are attached the oppositely-toothed rods I V . The 
latter engage with the ratchet-wheels h V , and by 
means of the gears ,r x impart motion to the power- 
wheel (/. The arrangement of the oppositely- 
toothed rods I V with relation to the ratchet-wheels 
h V is such that when the float rocks one way the 
teeth on rod Y engage and turn the ratchet-wheel h, 
and when it rocks the other wav the teeth on rod 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 79 

V engage with the ratchet-wheel &'. The mter- 
mediate gears are so connected that a uniformly- 
directed motion of the power-wheel d results. As 
the tide rises and falls the float moves up and down 
in the slot or way D ; but the parts are so arranged 
that at any angle of the transmission-rod H the 
teeth I and V engage with the ratchet-wheels b b\ 
As mentioned above, the air-compressor c c' can be 
substituted for the transforming mechanism of Figs. 
I and 2 by simply attaching the piston-frame / to 
the rod H. 

It is not necessary that the transforming mech- 
anism be located on the shore, as it may be located 
on the standard supporting the float or on a struc- 
ture adjacent thereto. The centrally-rocking float 
may even be attached to an anchored float. The 
compressed air or the electricity generated or stored 
may be transmitted to the place of consumption by 
tubes or wires. 

It is understood that the shield L may be lo- 
cated either on the same structure as the float or 
adjacent thereto. The lower portion \J of the shield 
projects downward such a distance as to be about 
the same level as the top of the float A when the 
latter is at its position of maximum activity. This 
downward projection \J will help to split and break 
up any unusually violent wave. 

It will be obvious to those skilled in the art to 
which the invention relates that modifications may 
be made in details without departing from the 



80 INVENTIONS. 

Spirit and scope of the same. Hence I do not limit 
myself to the precise construction and arrangement 
of parts hereinabove referred to, and illustrated in 
the accompanying drawings. 

Having described the nature and objects of the 
invention, what I claim as new, and desire to se- 
cure by Letters Patent, is — 

(A) I. In a wave-motor, a float having a bodily 
vertical movement and an endwise vertical move- 
ment, means for converting such movements of the 
float into other forms of energy, and means for 
protecting the float from submergence or unusual 
violence of the waves, substantially as specified. 

(A) 2. The combination of an oscillating float, 
means coacting with the float for converting its 
movements into other forms of energy, and means 
for protecting the float from submergence or un- 
usual violence of the waves, substantially as speci- 
fied. 

(A) 3. The combination of a support, a float 
disposed relatively to said support and having a rec- 
iprocatory and a rocking movement, means coacting 
with the float for converting its movements into 
other forms of energy, and means for protecting the 
float from submergence or unusual violence of the 
waves, substantially as specified. 

(A) 4. The combination of a support, a float 
having a bodily vertical movement and an endwise 
vertical movement, means for converting such move- 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 8 1 

ments of the float into other forms of energy, and 
a shield or breakwater mounted on the support and 
adapted to protect the float from submergence or 
unusual violence of the waves, substantially as spe- 
cified. 

(A) 5. The combination of a support provided 
with ways, a float having pivotal bearings adapted 
to said ways, the arrangement being such that the 
float is free to rock and otherwise follow the rising 
and falling motion of the waves, means coacting 
with said float for converting its movements into 
other forms of energy, and a shield or breakwater 
mounted on the support and adapted to protect the 
float from submergence or unusual violence of the 
waves, substantially as specified. 

(A) 6. In an apparatus for utilizing wave or 
tidal power, the combination of an oscillating float, 
and a shield or breakwater adapted to protect the 
same from submergence or unusual violence of the 
water, substantially as specified. 

(B) 7. The combination of a centrally-rocking 
float, a standard for said float, means for transform- 
ing the rocking motion of the float into rectilinear 
motion, a pair of oppositely-toothed rods engaging 
with corresponding ratchet-wheels, and intermediate 
gears for insuring a uniformly-directed circular mo- 
tion, substantially as specified. 

(B) 8. In a wave power, a vertical standard car- 
rying vertical guideways, a float having trunnions 



82 INVENTIONS. 

entering said guideways, a pair of oppositely toothed 
rods connected to said float and engaging with 
corresponding ratchet wheels, and intermediate 
gears for insuring a uniformly directed circular 
motion. 

(C) 9. In a wave power, a vertical standard hav- 
ing oppositely vertical guideways, a float carried in 
said standard and between the guideways, said float 
being pivoted on trunnions projecting into said 
guideways and freely movable vertically in the same, 
an extension on said float projecting upward at right 
angles to the axis of the float, a pair of oppositely 
toothed rods, one end pivoted to said extension, a 
pair of ratchet wheels adapted to engage each with 
one of the toothed rods, and intermediate gears for 
insuring a uniformly directed and circular motion. 

(C) 10. In a wave power, a vertical standard 
having opposite vertical guideways, a float carried 
in said standard and between the guideways, said 
float being pivoted on trunnions projecting into said 
guideways and freely movable vertically in the same, 
an extension on said float projecting upward at right 
angles to the axis of the float, a pair of oppositely 
toothed rods, one end pivoted to said extension, a 
pair of ratchet wheels adapted to be engaged each 
with one of the toothed rods, a shaft on which said 
wheels are mounted, a main gear mounted on said 
shaft, a pinion with which said main gear engages, 
and a fly wheel rotating therewith. 



APPLICATION AND PREPARATION. 83 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto signed my 
name. 

JOHN DOE. 
In presence of — 
John Jones, 
Walter Smith. 

The above specification is copied from the specification 
of a patent now alive. The narrow claims, however, have 
been added to it and the name of the patentee and date 
of patent are changed. This is simply an illustrative 
specification. 



CHAPTER VIII. 
Patent Office Procedure. 

After the application is fully prepared and signed 
it is forwarded to the Patent Office at Washington 
where it is filed. The fee payable to the Govern- 
ment upon the filing of the application is $15. This 
fee is supposed to pay for the work done in examin- 
ing a patent. It does pay for small cases but it is 
far less than should be recjuired in large cases. 
However, the Government makes no distinction be- 
tween a complicated case and a simple one. The 
filing fee is precisely the same in all cases. When 
filed, the application is given a temporary number 
and a date for purposes of identification and the 
papers are placed in the " Secret archives " of the 
Patent Office until in its regular turn it comes up 
for examination. 

No one can see this application except the offi- 
cials of the Patent Office. You cannot find out' if 
anyone has filed an application nor can your at- 
torney. You will receive no information from the 
Patent Office in this regard. During the time that 
the application papers are being examined and un- 
til the issue of the patent the matter is kept entirely 
84 



PATENT OFFICE PROCEDURE, 85 

secret and no chance is given for attorneys or ap- 
plicants to see the papers of other appHcants. 

There are some forty odd divisions of the Exam- 
ining force of the Patent Office. Each device is in 
charge of a Primary Examiner and a large number 
of assistant Examiners. Each division has charge 
of all cases belonging to certain classes of invention, 
one division having for instance all classes relating 
to civil engineering works such as bridges, sewerage 
systems, building construction, the laying out of 
railroads, the cutting of tunnels, etc., etc., while an- 
other division will have all cases relating to inter- 
nal combustion engines and their adjunctive mech- 
anisms or elements. 

After the application is filed it is sent to one or 
another of these divisions and in its turn is taken 
up for examination. It is usually at least a month 
and a half, and it may be six months before the case 
can be taken up for examination for the reason that 
the Patent Office force is insufficient and the number 
of cases filed in the Patent Office constantly increas- 
ing. 

On the consideration of the case the Examiner 
in charge of it investigates thoroughly the state 
of the art by looking through the records of the 
Patent Office and also through the classified for- 
eign patents, particularly the English, French and 
German patents. If he discovers that there is 
nothing like the invention, that it is a novel and not 
an obvious one, he allows the case and a notice of 



86 INVENTIONS. 

this allowance is sent to the applicant or his at- 
torney. 

It is very rarely, however, that an invention is 
totally novel at least as regards all of its claims. 
The invention may be novel, but the claims be so 
broadly stated as to include devices or principles 
already patented and hence the Examiner will ob- 
ject to such claims or reject them, pointing out to 
the applicant the reasons for this rejection and cit- 
ing previously granted patents or other references. 
Many times these references do not appear to be 
anything like the applicant's device and the appli- 
cant waxes exceeding wroth in consequence, believ- 
ing the Patent Office does not know what it is 
about. This arises largely from ignorance on the 
part of the applicant. It is not the specific inven- 
tion which the Examiner is rejecting but the claim 
which claim may be so broad as to include within 
its terms devices of a widely different character. 

Under these circumstances, let the applicant have 
a clear understanding with his attorney as to the 
pertinency of the citation made. Let the attorney 
explain to the applicant precisely why the claim is 
so broad as to include the device cited, then let the 
inventor point out to the attorney the differences 
which exist in construction, operation and advan- 
tages between the old device and the new. Many 
constructions which are apparently similar on their 
faces are found to be essentially different because 
of some apparently minor variation whose effect, 



PATENT OFFICE PROCEDURE. 8/ 

however, completely changes the operation of the 
machine or its adaptibility to certain purposes. 

Practical knowledge will enable the inventor to 
point out to the attorney matters in which the cited 
invention fails, things in which it is deficient or in- 
effective, things in which it is possibly inoperative 
or things which make it impractical from a commer- 
cial standpoint. It may be that the old device can- 
not be manufactured. It may be that the old de- 
vice is not adapted to practical use. It is the in- 
ventor who should know this, not the attorney, and 
it lies with the inventor to point out to the attorney 
these facts so that he may properly amend the case. 

The application may be amended as many times as 
necessary. This amendment cannot change the 
case in the sense of changing the construction de- 
scribed but it can change the case as far as chang- 
ing the scope of the claims, cutting out and adding 
new claims and amending claims so as to more fully 
distinguish between the new and the old. There 
may be one action in a case. There may be a dozen. 
There may be fifty. The case may be allowed by 
the Patent Office within two months after it is 
filed or it may linger on for six or eight years. 
This depends entirely upon the novelty of the in- 
vention or upon its being understood by the Patent 
Office authorities. Finally, however, the patent will 
be either allowed or finally rejected. If finally re- 
jected, the rejection can only be overcome by a fa- 
vorable decision on appeal to the Board of Exam- 



88 INVENTIONS, 

iners-in-Chief, to the Commissioner or to the Court 
of Appeals of the District of Columbia. If al- 
lowed, however, as before stated, a notice is sent 
to applicant. 

This notice states the fact that the final fee of 
Twenty Dollars must be paid within six months 
after the date of the notice. The non-payment of 
this final fee causes the appHcation to lapse or for- 
feit and to become abandoned. The application 
can, however, be revived after forfeiture by the pay- 
ment of a new first fee of $15. The case will then 
be sent to the Primary Examiner to be again exam- 
ined and again allowed. After the payment of the 
final fee there is a period of a month during which 
the case is in preparation before grant of the pat- 
ent. During this time the specification is printed 
and lithographed and reproductions of the drawings 
are made. Upon issue the grant itself will contain 
this printed description and reproduction of the 
drawing as well as the formal deed or grant proper. 
Once the patent has been granted the inventor 
comes into his rights. He is then able to prosecute 
infringers and to prevent others from using his de- 
vice without paying him royalty or license fees. 
He may keep it himself, he may transfer it to 
others, he may form a company for its exploita- 
tion. For seventeen years thereafter he is free to 
make money out of it if he can and to prevent all 
others from using, making or selling his device 
without his consent. 



PATENT OFFICE PROCEDURE. 89 

The manner of handling a patent, however, or 
preventing infringement and of getting the most 
from the rights thus given to the patentee, must 
form the subject of another book. The subject is 
too large to be taken up in this volume. 

Interference — Rival inventors. We have here- 
tofore considered a case where an application for 
patent passes through the Patent Office with no 
objection except from the Examiner as to novelty, 
but just as the application may be rejected upon lack 
of novelty, so it may be held up for a determination 
as to whether the applicant is the original inventor 
or not. 

This usually occurs where two applications cov- 
ering the same subject matter are filed in the Pat- 
ent Office at the same time by different inventors. 
Where this occurs, these applications are placed in 
Interference, as it is called. That is, they are sent 
to a special Examiner who has power to consider 
the testimony of the rivals as to priority of inven- 
tion, reduction to practice and their respective rec- 
ord dates, and to decide from the evidence so pre- 
sented to him who is the original inventor. When 
a case is placed in Interference both parties are no- 
tified of the fact, but neither party is told the filing 
date or number of the other party. They are re- 
quired upon the receipt of this notice to file a pre- 
liminary statement under oath, this statement giv- 
ing the date of conception, the date of making the 



90 INVENTIONS. 

first model or drawing, and the date of the reduc- 
tion to practice. The dates given in the preliminary 
Statement are binding upon the parties thereafter, 
and they cannot in later evidence seek to show that 
the conception or reduction was earlier than the 
dates made in the statement. Hence it is necessary 
that the statement be prepared with great care and 
exactness and that its dates be not matter of guess- 
work. Look back over your records or bills and 
receipts, letters, signed and dated drawings, and see 
precisely what the date is and thus when evidence 
is taken there will be no vital variance between the 
preliminary statement and the testimony which 
would prevent the testimony being accepted. 

The Author does not propose to go into the va- 
rious details of an Interference case. It is a mat- 
ter which cannot possibly be handled without an 
attorney. It is a matter which must be very care- 
fully handled. The rules of evidence are precisely 
those of a Court of Law and the testimony must be 
presented with as good an effect as possible. The 
testimony, by the way, is usually taken before a No- 
tary and the testimony filed in Washington. Hence 
there is very rarely any necessity of the applicant 
himself appearing before the Interference Exam- 
iner. 

The winning or losing of an Interference case de- 
pends upon the abiHty of the applicant to prove that 
he was the first inventor or the first reducer or the 



PATENT OFFICE PROCEDURE. 9I 

first applicant, and that he has in every way guarded 
his rights, that he has in no way been neghgent of 
his interests, or that the opposite party was either a 
later conceiver, reducer or was so negligent of his 
interests as to have no rights to a patent. The 
question between two inventors usually resolves 
itself into a race of diligence and the party who 
has first given to the nation the fruits of his in- 
vention is ordinarily the one to whom the profits 
and rewards of the invention are given. 

An Interference may take place at any time. It 
may be between two pending applications. It may 
be between an application and a patent. Or it may 
be between two patents on the request of the parties. 
Any number of applications may be included in one 
Interference provided they all claim substantially 
the same thing, and sometimes as in the great Tele- 
phone cases this Interference proceedings will drag 
on for years and the testimony will amount to hun- 
dreds of volumes. Such cases as these, however, 
are extremely rare luckily as an Interference is not 
by any means a cheap pastime. Witnesses have to 
be paid. The lawyers and Notaries have to be 
paid. The testimony and briefs have to be printed, 
and the inventor will thus see that he should weigh 
his chances very carefully before fighting through 
an Interference. The ordinary inventor, however, 
need not be worried as to this eventuality. In- 
terference proceedings are comparatively rare, and 



92 INVENTIONS. 

by far the greater proportion of the appHcations 
go though the Patent Ofiice without the slightest 
difficulty of this sort. 

Re-issues. After the patent is issued, if there 
is found to be a defect in it, the patent may be re- 
issued and the defect thus cured. The difficul- 
ties which are curable by re-issue are such as ren- 
der the patent 

" inoperative or invalid by reason of a de- 
fective or insufficient specification, or by rea- 
son of the patentee claiming as his own inven- 
tion more than he had a right to claim as new, 
if the error has arisen by inadvertence, acci- 
dent, or mistake and without any fraudulent 
or deceptive intention." 

In these cases, and these cases only, is a re-issue 
ever granted. 

The fee for a re-issue is $30, unless the Patent 
Office itself is responsible for the error, as where 
an inventor's name is wrongly spelled and some por- 
tion of the specification has been accidently left out 
in printing. Where the applicant or his attorney 
has been negligent of his rights and proper claims 
were not made, a re-issue will not be granted. 
Nothing can be changed from the original specifi- 
cation or drawing by re-issue unless to cure some 
inoperativeness. What was originally shown and 
described must remain the basis of the invention on 
which all new claims must be based. 



PATENT OFFICE PROCEDURE. 93 

Extensions. There is a popular impression to 
the effect that the patent may be extended beyond 
its term of seventeen years as a matter of course, 
or at any rate that the extension may be granted 
by the Patent Office on a proper showing. This 
is not the case. At one time extensions were so 
granted, though the matter of procuring them was 
one of extreme difficulty. To-day however an ex- 
tension can only be granted by a special Act of 
Congress and is only given where the invention 
has proved of great public value and the inventor's 
reward has been entirely inadequate. 

Marking patented. Prior to the grant of a 
patent the inventor may, if he chooses, mark his 
device or the labels or advertising matter to be at- 
tached thereto, with the statement either that " Pat- 
ents are pending " or that " Patent is applied for." 
This has no effect to prevent infringement but is 
memely a warning to the public that they must 
keep off the ground, and that they are liable later 
to action for infringement if they do not. When 
the patent is granted, however, the law makes it 
obligatory upon the part of the inventor that he 
shall mark his invention patented, giving the date 
or number of the patent. If he does not do so he 
is liable to a fine of $ioo for each offense. He will 
be unable to collect damages for the infringement 
of his patent for no notice has been given that the 
device is patented. The word " Patented " should 



94 INVENTIONS. 

be either formed upon the invention itself or printed 
upon labels or advertisements attached to the in- 
vention or in the case of a process printed in con- 
nection with any circulars or other matter relating 
to it. 

While a patentee must mark his devices as pat- 
ented, there is a heavy fine for those who use the 
word " Patented " on an unpatented appliance, for 
this tends to keep the public out of its rights. 



CHAPTER IX. 

Transfer of Patent Rights, 
selling and buying patents and rights 

THEREIN. 

It is surprising how entirely careless inventors 
and vendors of patent rights are with regard to 
contracts, sales and other transfers. 

In entering into a contract on any other subject, 
the services of an attorney are sought and the con- 
ditions of the contract are fully set forth. In buy- 
ing land the deed will be scrutinized carefully, an 
abstract of title will be required, the title will be 
examined closely, and the deed finally, without fail, 
recorded. When a share in an invention is bought, 
however, or some right under a patent acquired, 
the parties seem to leave their wits and common 
sense at home. A mere verbal agreement is en- 
tered into, the rights are taken " unsight and un- 
seen." Supposed transfers are made without ex- 
pressed consideration or without any clear under- 
standing between the parties as to the interest trans- 
ferred. Contracts for manufacture and sale are 
entered into without only the vaguest statement of 
the duties and privileges of the respective parties, 
95 



96 INVENTIONS. 

And then the vendor or vendee wonder that trou- 
ble arises. 

The same care should be taken in transferring 
either an interest in an invention or the Patent on 
it, that is taken in transferring an interest in any 
other piece of property. The vendor should see 
that provision is made for future payments or the 
reversion of the interest transferred, in case these 
payments are not made or the terms of the agree- 
ment carried out. The vendee should see that the 
vendor has something to be transferred, that the 
transfer is in proper legal form, definitely cover- 
ing the subject-matter, and that the transfer is 
properly recorded. 

There are Three Forms of Transfer: 

Assignment. Grant. License. 

An assignment is that form of deed which 
transfers either, ist: all the right and title to an in- 
vention for all the territory and the zvhole term of 
the Patent, or 2d : which transfers an undivided in- 
terest in the Patent for all of the country and all 
of the term. 

(i) By the first of these transfers all right, title 
and interest passes to the assignee and the assignor 
has no further interest in the invention, except in 
the case of his agreeing to receive his consider- 
ation in installments. Even then his interest is in 
getting his money, — not in the invention which he 
has completely parted with. 



TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS. 9/ 

(2) By the second transfer, the assignee and 
assignor are made tenants in common. Each has 
as much right as the other to the invention, each 
is free to use, manufacture or sell or to license 
others to do so. Neither can, however, transfer 
a greater interest than he has. Thus an assignee 
of an undivided interest cannot assign the whole 
title. He can, however, make any transfer of a 
subordinate right or interest not greater than his 
own. 

An assignment should be in writing signed by 
the assignor and under seal. It should expressly 
convey an interest in the invention itself and the 
patent therefor and not merely in one of the privi- 
leges under the Patent. A mere contract to sell 
an invention to a prospective buyer is not an as- 
signment (see Contract of Sale). 

■An assignment is of the invention itself and may 
he made either before an application is filed, before 
the Patent issues, or afterwards. 

If made before filing, the assignment should re- 
fer to the date on which the application was exe- 
cuted and should be forwarded with the application 
papers. 

If made after filing but before the issue of a 
Patent, the Serial Number and date of the applica- 
tion should be given. 

If made after Patent has issued the Number and 
date of the Patent should be stated. (Each appli- 
cation for patent, or Patent should either have its 



98 INVENTIONS. 

own specific assignment or be specifically reierred 
to in a blanket assignment.) 

This is so that the Patent Office may identify 
the particular invention transferred. This identi- 
fication is as necessary with patents as in a deed 
of land. To properly record the assignment the 
invention, must be identified and the only means of 
doing this is by reference to an application. A 
transfer of an invention generally, will not cover 
all the patents which may be necessary to protect 
that invention. Each patent or application should 
be specifically referred to. 

Recording. This is a matter in which the Ven- 
dee of a Patent should take especial care. In order 
to protect innocent third parties who, ignorant of 
a former transfer, purchase an interest in an in- 
vention, the law provides that all transfers shall 
be recorded in the United States Patent Office 
within three months of their execution. 

I£ not recorded, the first transfer is not valid 
against innocent third parties, though it is still 
good as against the original transferer. 

Immediately upon the assignment of a Patent 
send the document to " The Commissioner of Pat- 
ents," Washington, D. C, together with a fee of 
$i.oo for three hundred words or under. For doc- 
uments of over three hundred words and under a 
thousand words the recotdjug , f ee is $2.00. For 



TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS. 99 

over a thousand words $3.00 is required. Upon 
the receipt of the fee the document will be re- 
corded and in time returned to the sender. 

A grant is precisely like an assignment except 
that it transfers the entire or an undivided interest 
in a certain specified territory less than the whole 
of the United States. A grant like an assignment 
conveys in its territory the exclusive right to make 
and sell and use. In this it differs from a license, 
which operates on only one or two of these privil- 
eges, as to make or sell : To make and use, or to 
make and sell and use. 

A grant, like an assignment, may be given with 
certain conditions as to the number of construc- 
tions to be used or put up, or as to the mode in 
which the invention may be used. Unless ex- 
pressly stated, the vendees of the grantee may use 
the invention in any part of the United States, 
though the grantee himself is restricted in making 
and selling to a certain territory. 

License. Any transfer of an interest less than 
the whole interest or an undivided portion of such 
whole interest operates as a license. 

Transfers of the exclusive right to use, or the 
exclusive right to sell, or the exclusive right to 
make, or to make and sell, etc., etc., are licenses. 

Transfers of the exclusive right to use for a 
particular purpose, or to make in a certain manner 
are licenses. LOf C 



100 INVENTIONS, 

Transfers of the exclusive right to make and use 
and sell in a particular form or for some special 
purpose are Hcenses, 

In all of these cases the licensor retains some 
right as his own and the full and entire rights to 
the invention over the whole country or some speci- 
fied part of it are not given. 

A transfer of a right to make and sell is, how- 
ever, an assignment or grant, because the right to 
use necessarily goes with the right to sell and is 
implied thereby, else would the buyer have no right 
to use what he had bought. 

A license may be either exclusive or non-exclu- 
sive and may be either oral or written. A license 
does not have to be recorded. Two forms of 
license are subjoined. 

Contracts for the Future Transfer of Rights to 
an Invention. These contracts mostly arise when 
an invention is not completed nor Patent applied for. 
The inventor transfers an interest in his invention 
and agrees to transfer an interest in his patents 
thereon. 

This contract is not an assignment but only an 
agreement to assign. It conveys only an equitable 
interest which equitable right may be enforced in 
a Court of Equity by a suit to compel specific per- 
formance. 

This problem often confronts the inventor and 
the prospective vendee. What means can be taken 



TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS. lOI 

to protect the vendee from an inventor refusing to 
assign his Patents or the completed invention 
where the consideration has passed? And on the 
other hand, when the assignment or transfer is 
made first and the money paid in installments, how 
may the inventor protect himself. 

The best way is by putting the assignment in 
escrow. That is, putting it in the hands of some 
third party to whom the money is to be paid, or 
who will turn over the assignment when the money 
is all paid. This is fair to both parties. The ven- 
dee is protected for the assignment is made. The 
inventor is protected for the assignment is not to 
be turned over until the consideration is all paid. 

Expressing the conditions of the transfer or 
agreement. If there are conditions to be fulfilled 
by the transferee, as the payment of installments, 
the payment of royalties, the perfecting or ex- 
ploiting of an invention, its advertising and push- 
ing, — have these conditions clearly and distinctly 
stated. Give the dates on which the installments 
or royalties shall become due, the manner in which 
they shall be paid, the amount of advertising to be 
done, its character, or the way in which the in- 
vention shall be pushed, or the degree of 'excel- 
lence in construction to which the manufacturer 
shall be held. 

If possible, have a clause inserted in the agree- 
ment requiring the Assignee, Grantee or Licensee 



102 INVENTIONS. 

to manufacture or sell at least a certain quantity 
or to pay royalties on a certain minimum quan- 
tity of the goods, whether he sells them or not. 
This compels him to exert himself and the inven- 
tion cannot lie entirely unused on the shelf. 

With a statement of any of the conditions above 
expressed there should be a clause calling for the 
abrogation of the contract or transfer and all rights 
conveyed thereby if anyone of the conditions is not 
fulfilled. 

Many manufacturers refuse to make any mini- 
mum guarantee under any circumstances. The in- 
ventor's insistence thereon should depend on cir- 
cumstances and the standing and reliability of the 
party he is dealing with. The lack of such a 
clause, however, often results in an invention be- 
ing laid on the shelf, not put on sale, and not used, 
to the inventor's loss. 

The transfer of foreign rights. A transfer of 
the rights to an invention or of rights in a Uni- 
ted States Patent does not operate as a transfer 
of the foreign rights. Such transfer can only be 
made by a conveyance specifically referring to the 
foreign Patents, and properly recorded in the for- 
eign country. An agreement to transfer foreign 
patent rights can, however, be enforced by a Court 
of Equity, compelling the promiser to execute the 
transfer. 

The various rights of buyers and sellers of Pat- 



TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS. IO3 

ents, their interests and their relations to each other 
and to the public cannot be considered within the 
limits of this book and must form the subject of 
another volume wherein the whole subject of buy- 
ing and selling patent rights will be treated. 

Foreign patents. The costs, conditions, terms, 
and all other data as to Patents in foreign countries 
will be treated at length in another volume of this 



Assignment. 

Of an Entire Interest in an Invention before the 
Issue of Letters Patent 
Whereas I, of , county of 

and State of , have invented certain and 

new and useful improvements in 
for which I am about to make application for let- 
ters patent of the United States ; and whereas 
of , county of , and State of 

, is desirous of acquiring an interest in said 
invention and in the letters patent to be obtained 
therefor : 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be 
it known, that, for and in consideration of the sum 
of dollars, to me in hand paid, the receipt 

of which is hereby acknowledged, I, the said 
have sold, assigned, and transferred, and 
by these presents do sell, assign and transfer, unto 
the said the full and exclusive right to 

the said invention, as fully set forth and described 



I04 INVENTIONS. 

in the specification prepared and executed by me 
on the day of , 19 , preparatory 

to obtaining letters patent of the United States 
therefor ; and I do hereby authorize and request 
the Commissioner of Patents to issue the said let- 
ters patent to the said as the assignee 
of my entire right, title and interest in and to the 
same, for the sole use and behoof of the said 
and his legal representatives. 
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my 
hand and affixed my seal this day of , 



In presence of — 



Territorial Interest After Grant of Patent. 

Whereas I, , of , county of 

, State of , did obtain letters patent 

of the United States for improvement in 
which letters patent are numbered , and 

bear date the day of , in the year 

19 ; and whereas I am now the sole owner of 
the said patent and of all rights under the same 
in the below-recited territory; and whereas 
of , county of , State of 



TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS. I05 

is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same : 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be 

it known that, for and in consideration of the sum 

of dollars to me in hand paid, the receipt 

of which is hereby acknowledged, I, the said 

, have sold, assigned and transferred, and 

by these presents do sell, assign and .transfer unto 

the said , all the right, title and interest 

in and to the said invention, as secured to me by 

said letters patent, for, to and in the State of 

, and for, to, or in no other place or places ; 

the same to be held and enjoyed by the said 

, within, and throughout the above speci- 
fied territory but not elsewhere, for his own use 
and behoof, and for the use and behoof of his legal 
representatives, to the full end of the term for 
which said letters patent are or may be granted, 
as fully and entirely as the same would have been 
held and enjoyed by me had this assignment and 
sale not been made. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my 
hand and affixed my seal at , in the county 

of , and State of , this day of 

, 19 . 



In presence of 



I06 INVENTIONS. 

License - - Shop Right. 

In consideration of the sum of dollars, 

to be paid by the firm of , of , 

in the county of , State of , I do 

hereby license and empower the said to 

manufacture in said (or other place 

agreed upon) the improvement in 
for w^hich letters patent of the United States No. 
, were granted to me the day of 

, in the year 19 , and to sell the machines 
so manufactured throughout the United States to 
the full end of the term for which said letters 
patent are granted. 

Signed at , in the county of and 

State of , this day of , 19 . 



In presence of 



Agreement to Assign. 

This agreement, made this day of 

19 , by and between John Doe, of 

county of , and State of , party of the 

first part; and Jacob Stiles of , county of 



TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS. I07 

, and State of (or the John Jones Com- 

pany, a corporation organized under the laws of 
the State of , and doing business at ) 

party of the second part, witnesseth : 

That whereas John Doe has invented certain new 
and useful improvements in on which he is 

about to take out Letters Patent and of which 
a drawing (blue-printj photograph or other mem- 
oranda) is attached; and whereas the said party of 
the second part is desirous of acquiring an interest 
in the same ; 

Now, therefore, be it agreed between the parties 
hereto that for and in consideration of the sum of 
one dollar in hand paid to the party of the first 
part, and other valuable considerations (here set 
forth conditions in detail, if desired) the said party 
of the first part hereby transfers to the party of the 
second part, the (here set forth the interest 

transferred) of his entire right, title and interest in 
and to the said invention ; and he hereby agrees that 
when the patent or patents on this said (title 

of invention) are prepared that he will execute an 
assignment (grant, or license) to the said party of 
the second part. 

And the party of the first part further agrees that 
he will give to the party of the second part an 
option on all future inventions relating to the sub- 
ject matter of the invention herewith referred to 
and will submit said inventions to the party of the 
second part for his acceptance before presenting 



I08 INVENTIONS. 

them to others and will assign said inventions to 
the party of the second part upon the receipt of 
suitable consideration to be at that time determined. 
In witness whereof the parties above named here- 
to set their hands and seals this , day of , 



In presence of — 



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of Thompson's Dvnamo-Electric Machinery, VoL I., measuring | 
25 in. by 16 in. 25 cts. 



► 



WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY FOR AMATEURS^ A handbook on 
he Principles of Radiotelegraphy and the construction and worki- 
ng of apparatus for short Distance Transmission. By R. P. How- 
)Rave-Graham. This is a most important new work for the am- 
rteur who wishes to make apparatus that are not mere toys. 
Vhiie the author gives all the technical information that is neces- 
ary, the best part of the book is devoted to practical details, 
onstruction and operation, making the book one of the most 
■aluable on this subject. Contents of Chapters: Preface. 1. 
iistory and Principles of Radio-Telegraphy. 2. The Poul'sen 
System of Generating Electric Waves for Radiotelegraphy. 3. 
i'ractical Radiotelegraphy, Transmitting Apparatus. 4. Re- 
el ving A.pparatus. Appendix. 160 pages, 51 illustrations, 12mo., 
jloth. $1.00.t 

THE A B C OF THE TELEPHONE By J. E. Homans. While 
his work is strictly elementary in the sense that it begins with 
he elements it nevertheless gives a very comprehensive survey 
f the entire field of telephone apparatus and construction in- 
luding an excellent chapter on the theory of sound and another 
n the fundamental principles of electricit3^ Written in plain 
mguage it is a book that can be recommended. The work is 
ivided into 29 chapters and contains 375 pages, 268 illustrations 
nd diagrams, 12mu., cloth. $1.00 * 

PRIVATE HOUSE ELECTRIC LIGHTING. A popular handbook 
f modem methods in wiring and fitting as applied t© private 
ouses, including a chapter on small generating plants. By F. H. 
'aylor. 2d edition, rewritten. Contents of Chapters: 1. Systems 
f Supply. 2. Systems of Wiring. 3. Arrangements of Circuits 
nd Conductors, etc. 4. Arrangements of Lights and Switches. 
. The Testing of an Installation. 6. The Materials and Accessories 
Jsed. 7. Cost of Installation Work. 8. Cost of Using Electric 
-ight. 9. Generating Plant. 132 pages, 66 illustrations, 12mo., 
cards. 50c.* 

GROUPING OF ELECTRIC CELLS. A treatise on. By F. W. 
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'art I. — The Grouping of Similar Cells for Greatest Current, 
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pages, 16mo., cloth. 60c.J 

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SIMPLE MECHANICAL WORKING MODELS. How to ma 

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MACHINERY FOR MODEL STEAMERS, On the design, c 
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THE SLIDE VALVE. Simply explained for working eng 
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THE LOCOMOTIVE, simply explained. A first introduction 
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THE BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO THE LATHE. An element: 
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STANDARD SCREW THREADS. A Guide to Standard Scr 
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STEAM TURBINES. How to design and build them. A pr 
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1 Wind Armatures. General Notes. Siemens or H Armatures. 
Dlar Armatures. 6. How to Wind Armatures (continued). Drum 
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How to Make a 32-Ampere Hour Accumulator. 4. Types of 
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em, Wel'sbach, Automatic Burners for Gasolene and Acetylene. 
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JUST OUT. 

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THE 



MODEL LIBRARY 



VOL. L 



Consisting of the following fowf American books, 
with very complete general index* 

The Study of Electricity and Its Laws 
for Beginners. 

How to Install Electric Bells, Annun- 
ciators and Alarms. 

Dry Batteries, How to Make and Use 
Tliem. 

Electrical Circuits and Diagrams. Illus 
' trated and explained. 



THE PRACTICAL ENOINEER'S HANDBOOK. 
TO THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF 

ELECTRIC P OWER P LANTS 

By NORMAN H. SCHNEIDER, 

Chief Engineer, "White Ciiy," Coting<wood, Ohio. 

EXTRACTS FROM PREFACE. 

In revising the first edition of Power Plants the author decided 
greatly enlarge it in the hope that it will have a still greater 
access than the first one. The section on theory is thoroughly 
gvised. A complete chapter on Standard Wiring including new 
ables and original diagrams added. The National Fire Under- 
writers' rules condensed and simple explanations given. 

Direct and alternating current motors have been given a special 
hapter and modern forms of starting rheostats described at length, 
'he principles of alternators have been considered also trans- 
Drmers and their applications. Modern testing instruments and 
heir use are given a separate chapter. New matter has been 
dded to storage batteries including charging of automobile bat- 
eries, 10 new tables, and 137 new illustrations. 

SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS. 

1. The Electric Current; series and multiple connections; 
Bsistance of circuits; general explanation of formulas. 

2. Standard Wiring; wiring formulas and tables; wiring sys- 
ms; cut-outs; conduits; panel boxes; correct methods of wiring. 

3. Direct and Alternating Current Generators; manage- 
lent in the power house; windings; selection of generators. 

4. Motors and Motor Starters; various forms of motors; con- 
ollers; care of motors and their diseases; rules for installing. 

5. Testing and Measuring Instruments; voltmeter testing 
nd connections; instruments used; switchboard instruments. 

6. The Storage Battery; different kinds; switchboards for 
larging fixed and movable batteries; management of battery. 

7. The Incandescent Lamp; various methods of testing; life 
f lamps. 

Engineering Notes ; belts and pulleys h.p. of belts. Tables, 
ontents. Index. 

290 pages, 203 illustrations. 12mo., cloth, $1.^. 
Full limp leather, $2.50. 



A MANUAL ON 

THE CARE AND HANDLING 

OF 

Electric Plants. 

Written for the practical engineer and adapted to the United Sta' 
military Service. Including Dynamos, Motors, Wiring, Storage 
Batteries, Testing Instruments, Incandescent Lamps, Photo- 
metry and a chapter on the Oil Engine. 

By NORMAN H. SCHNEIDER. 

Late Electrical Expert, Southern Artillery District, New York. 

Author of "Induction Coils and Coil Making," " Notes on Unil 
States Army Power Plants," etc. 



This manual is intended as a practical handbook for electricia 
engineers' assistants and all who are interested in the operation 
commercial or military electric plants. The basis of the work w 
a number of notes and memoranda accumulated by the autl 
during ten years of practical work and upon several courses 
lectures delivered at Fort Wadsworth to officers of the U. S. Ar 
lery, and also to non-commissioned officers." The chapter 
incandescent lamps is especially valuable as this is a subject v< 
little touched upon in other works. The selection of tables will 
found very useful for reference. Contents of Chapters: 1. T 
Electric Current, Insulators, Conductors, Series and Multi 
Connections, Wiring, etc.; 2. Dynamos and Motors, Varieties 
Motors, Management, Equalizers, Starting boxes, Sparking £ 
Heating Brushes, Practical Hints, etc.; 3. Electrical Measur 
Instruments and how to use them; 4. The Storage Battery and 
management, Testing, Equipments, Fluids, various Switchboa 
and their working, etc. ; 5. The Incandescent Lamp, Testing, Lift 
Lamps, Photometry, etc.; 6. The Oil Engine, Belting, Lining 
Engine, Pulleys, etc.; Index. 113 pages, illustrated with 
original drawings and numerous useful tables. 

Bound in limp leather, pocket siz«. By mail for $1, 



ELiCTiieiL liSTMliiTS 
AID TiSTlie 

How to Use the Voltmeter, Ammeter, Galvanometer, Potentiometer, Ohmmeter, 
the Wheatstone Bridge, and the Standard Portable Testing Sets. 

BY NORMAN H. SCHNEIDER. 

THIRD EDITION WITH NEW CHAPTERS ON 

flSTIilQ Wilis iii SlPLIS lii LOGITiii FliLTS 

In Telegraph and. Telephone Systems, 

BY JESSE HARGRAVE, 

Assistant Electrical Engineer, Postal Telegra-ph Cable Co. 

The fact that two editions of this book have already been sold 
roves the utility of this work. The pubhshers, however, deter- 
lined to make it still more complete and up to date by adding 
dditional chapters especially for telephone and telegraph wire 
len. The new information was prepared by an authority. 

The first chapters of the work describe the various forms of 
lectrical testing and measuring instruments and their construction. 

The balance of the work is devoted to practical measuring and 
jsting, using the different instruments described and including 
5Sts for insulation, resistance, current and e.m.f. made with a 
oltmeter, as well as many telephone and telegraph tests. 

In working out the many practical examples simple algebraic 
)rmulas only are used and these are fully explained in plain lan- 
uage. Most of the diagrams have been specially drawn for this 
ook. The work is divided into XIII chapters as follows: 

Introduction. Chapters I and II, The Galvanometer. Ill, 
Lheostats. IV, The Voltmeter. V, The Wheatstone Bridge. VI, 
orms of Portable Sets. VII, Current Flow and e.m.f. VIII, The 
otentiometer. IX, Condensers, X, Cable Testing. XI, Testing 
■ith Voltmeter. XII, Testing Telegraph Wires and Cables. XIII, 
ocating Faults in Telegraph and Telephone Wires and Cables. 
» Tables. Index. 

256 pages, 133 illustrations and diagrams, 12mo., cloth, $1.00| 
ull limp leather, $2.00. J ' 



AN AMERICAN BOOK. 



Second edition thoroughly revised, greatly enlarged and broucbt ur 
to latest American Practice, 



By H. S. NORRIE, 

(NORMAN H SCHNCIDCR) 



Considerable space in the new matter is gfiven to the following 
Medical and bath coils, gas engine and spark coils, contact breakers 
primary and secondary batteries; electric gas lighting; new methoc 
of X-ray work, etc. A complete chapter on up-to-date wireless tele 
graphy; a number of new tables and 25 original illustrations. Grea 
care has been given to the revision to make this book the best Ameri 
lean work on the subject. A very complete index, contents, list 
illustrations and contents of tables have been added. 

Contents of Chapters. 

I. Construction of coils; sizes of wire; winding; testing; insula 
tioui general remarks; medical and spark coils. 2. Contact breakers 
3. Insulation and cements. 4. Construction of condensers. 5. Ex| 
periments. 6. Spectrum analysis. 7. Currents in vacuo; air pumps I 
8. Rotating eflEects. 9. Electric gas lighting; in multiple; in series | 
10. Primary batteries for coils; varieties; open circuit cells; closet 
circuit cells; solutions. 11. Storage or secondary batteries; construe 1 
tion ; setting up; charging. 12. Tesla and Hertz effects, ij. Roenti 
gen Radiography. 14. Wireless telegraphy; arrangement of circuit! 
of coil and coherer for sending and receiving messages; coherers 
translating devices; air conductors; tables; contents; index. 

XII + 270 Pages, 79 Illustrations, Bx6j4 Inchest; 
Clotli, $1 00. I 



Design of Dynamos 

BY 

SILVANUS P. THOMPSON, D. Sc*, B. A., F. R. S. 

EXTRACTS FROM PREFACE. 
" The present work is purposely confined to continuous current 
generators. The calculations and data being expressed in inch 
rneasures ; but the author has adopted throughout the decimal sub- 
division of the inch; small lengths being in mils, and small areas of 
cross-section in sq. inils, or, sometimes, also, in circular mils." 

CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS. 

1. Dynamo Design as an Art. 

2. Magnetic Data and Calculations. Causes of waste of 
Power. Coefficients of Dispersion. Calculation of Dispersion. 
Determination of exciting ampere-turns. Example of Calculation. 

3. Copper Calculations. Weight of Copper Wire. Electrical 
resistance of Copper, in cube, strip, rods, etc. Space-factors. Coil 
Windings; Ends; Insulation; Ventilating; Heating. 

4. Insulating Materials and Their Properties. A list of 
materials, including " Armalac," " Vi trite," " Petrifite," " Mican- 
ite," " Vulcabeston," "Stabilite," "Megohmite," etc. With tables. 

5. Armature Winding Schemes. Lap Windings, Ring Wind- 
ings, Wave Windings, Series Ring- Windings, Winding Formula. 
Number of circuits. Equalizing connections. Colored plates. 

6. Estimation of Losses, Heating and Pressure-drop. Cop- 
per Losses, Iron Losses, Excitation Losses, Commutator Losses, 
Losses through sparking. Friction and Windage Losses. Second- 
ary Copper Losses. 

7. The Design of Continuous Current -Dynamos. Working 
Constants and Trial Values; Flux-densities; Length of Air-gap; 
Number of Poles; Current Densities; Number of Armature Con- 
ductors; Number of Commutator Segments; Size of Armature • 
(Steinmetz coefficient); Assignment of Losses of Energy; Cen- 
trifugal Forces; Calculation of Binding Wires; Other procedure in 
design. Criteria of a good design. Specific utilization of material. 

8. Examples of Dynamo Design. 

1. Shunt- wound multipolar machine, with slotted drum arma- 
ture. 2. Over-compounded Multipolar traction generator, with 
slotted drum armatvire, with general specifications, tables, dimen- 
sions and drawings, fully described. 

A number of examples of generators are given in each chapter, 
fully worked out with rules, tables and data, 

VIII. X253 pages, 92 illustrations, 10 large foiling plates and 4 
Three-color Plates, 8vo., cloth, $3.50. 



THE BEST AND CHEAPEST IN THE MARKET. 



ALGEBRA SELF-TADGH' 

BY 
W. PAGEX MIGGS, M.A., D.Sc. 



KOURTH E^DITION. 



CONTENTS. 
Symbols and the signs of operation. The equation and the 
known quantity. Positive and negative quantities. Multiplicatic 
involution, exponents, negative exponents, roots, and the use of ea 
ponents as logarithms. LogaritLms. Tables of logarithms an^ 
proportional parts. Transportation of systems of logarithms. Com- 
mon uses of common logarithms. Compound multiplication and the 
binomial theorem. Division, fractions and ratio. Rules for division. 
Rules for frac jons. Continued proportion, the series and the sum- 
mation of ~»ie series. Examples. Geometrical means. Limit of 
series. Equations. Appendix. Index. 104 pages, i2mo, cloth, 60c. 



See also Algfetiraic Sig'ns, Spons' Dictionary of Engine«ring 
No. 2. 40 cts. 

See also Calculus, Supplement to Spons' Dictionary No. 5, 
75 cts. 



t 



BarlO'w'S Tables of squares, cubes, square roots, cube roots, 
reciprocals of all numbers up to 10,000. A thoroughly reliable work 
of 200 pages, i2mo, cloth, $2.50. 

I^Ogfaritllins. — Tables of logarithms of the natural numbers 
from I to loS.ooo with constants. By Charles Babbage, M.A. 220 
pages, 8vo, cloth, $3.00. • 

LrOg^aritlims* — ^A. B. C. Five figure logarithms for general 
use. By C. J. Woodward, B.Sc. 143 pages, complete thumb index, 
j2mo, limp leather, $1.60. 

Books mailed post-paid to any address on receipt of i>rtce 



Books for Steam Engineers. 



DIGRAM OF CORLISS ENGINE. A large engraving giving 
a longitudinal section of the Corliss engine cylinder, showing rela- 
tive positions of the piston, steam valves, exhaust valves, and 
wrist plates when cut-off takes place at 3^ stroke for each 15 degrees 
of the circle. With full particulars. Reach- rods and rock shafts. 
The circle explained. Wrist-plates and eccentrics. Explanation of 
figures, etc. Printed on heavy paper, size 13 in. x 19 in., 25c. 

THE CORLISS ENGINE and its Management. A Practical 
Handbook for young engineers and firemen, (3rd edition) by J. T. 
Henthokn. a good little book, containing much useful and practi- 
cal information. Illustrated, cloth, $1.00. 

THE FIREMAN'S GUIDE to the Care and Management of 
Boilers, by Karl P. Dahlstkom, M.E., covering the following sub- 
jects: Firing and Economy of Fuel; Feed and Water Line: Low 
Water and Priming : Steam Pressure: Cleaning and Blowing Out; 
General Directions. A thoroughly practical book. Cloth, 50c. 

A B C OF THE STEAM ENGINE. With a description of the 
automatic shaft governor, with six large scale drawings. A prac- 
tical handbook for firemen helpers and young engineers, giving a 
• set of detail drawings all numbered and lettered and with names 
and particulars of all parts of an up-to-date American high speed 
stationary steam engine. Also a large drawing and full descrip- 
tion of the automatic shaft governor. With notes and practical 
hints. This work will prove of great help to all young men who 
wish to obtain their engineer's license. Cloth, price 50c, 

HOW TO RUN ENGINES AND BOILERS. By E. P. Watson, 

(for many years a practical engineer, and a well-known writer in The 
Engineer.') A first-rate book for beginners, firemen and helpers. 
Commencing from the beginning, showing how to thoroughly overhaul 
a plant, foundations, lining up machinery, setting valves, vacuum, 
eccentrics, connection, bearings, fittings, cleaning boilers, water tube 
boilers, running a plant, and many useful rules, hints and other 
practical information; many thousands already sold. 160 pages » 
fully illustrated, cloth, $1.00. 

AMMONIA REFRIGERATION. By I. L Redwood. A practi- 
cal work of reference for engineers and others employed in the man- 
agement of ice and refrigerating machinery. A first-rate book, be- 
ginning from the bottom and going carefully through the various 
processes, stage by stage, with many tables and original illustrations. 
Cloth, $1.00. 

MEYER SLIDE VALVE. Position diagram of cylinder with 
cutoff at 1^, ,3^, % and 1^ stroke of piston with movable valves, on 
card 7 Viva., x 53^ in. Price, 25c. 



Movable Valve Models, Diagrams and Charts. 



MEYER'S VALVE. A position diagram of cylinder with cut-off 
at i, i, I and ^ stroke of piston. By W. H. Weightman. With 
movable valves. Printed on card. 25c. net. 

WORKING VALVE MODELS FOR MARINE ENGINEERS. A 

set of foiir cards: 1, Piston Valve with Steam Inside. 2, Piston 
Valve with Steam Outside. 3, Double-ported Slide Valve. 4, 
Common Slide Valve. Each card is in colors and has movable 
ports. Also full descriptive matter. In cloth case. 75c. net. 

WORKING MODELS OF ENGINE SLIDE VALVES. Comprising 
a complete set of eight diagrams in colors, with movable ports: 
1, Short D Slide Valve, 2, Single-acting Piston Valve (for Steam 
Hammer). 3, Meyer's Variable Cut-off Valves. 4, Long D Slide 
Valve. 5, Short D Slide Valve (Balanced). 6, Marine Engine 
Piston Valve. 7, Double-ported Slide Valve. 8. Simple Trick 
Valve. With small booklet giving full instructions $1.25 net. 

WORKING MODEL " X " SERIES NO. 1 and 2. No. 1 com- 
plete simple steam engine single cylinder horizontal type fitted 
with a D slide valve, sectional view showing all movable and fixed • 
parts, drawn to scale, printed in colors on heavy card, size 6x9J in. 
$1.00 net, with book, $1,25 net. 

No. 2, complete single cylinder steam engine, horizontal girder 
type fitted with Meyer's valve gear, sectional view showing all 
movable and fixed parts drawn to scale, printed in colors on 
heavy card, size 6x9J in. $1.00 net, with book, $1.25 net. 

No. 1 and No. 2 together with book, $2.00 net. These are two 
exceptionally fine models, all moving parts so connected that there 
is practically no back lash, the relative positions of all moving 
parts are shown at every point in the stroke of the engine. 

CORLISS ENGINE CHART. A fine engraving showing relative 
positions of the Piston Steam Valves, exhaust valves and wrist 
plates, etc., when cut-off takes place at \ stroke for each 15 de- 
grees of circle, with full particulars. Size 13x19 in. 25c. Special 
price on a quantity. 

SLIDE VALVE CHART, showing position of the crank pin, 
eccentric, and piston at the point of admission, lead, full speed 
port opening, cut-off, release, full exhaust port opening and com- 
pression. With full directions. A blueprint, 14fxlb|, 

LOCOMOTIVE CHARTS. American type, a transparent edu- 
cational chart, with every part of the engine shown and numbered 
a good clear engraving size. 30x12 in. 25c. 

Atlantic type, a companion chart to above. 25c. 



THE COMPOUND ENGINE 



W. J. TENNANT, A. M. I. Mech. E. 

Author of " The Shde Valve Simply Explained. 



" The author has treated his subject in a thorough, practical 
manner, yet in plain language, avoiding all mathematics. The 
numerous diagrams, scale drawings and illustrations add very con- 
siderably to its value. It is a work that should be in the hands of 
every progressive young steam engineer". 

Contents of Chapters. 

1. A General explanation of the Objects and Methods of Com- 
pounding. 

2. The Transfer of Steam from the High-Pressure to the Low- 
Pressure Cylinder; The Intermediate Receiver. 

3. The Size of the Low-Pressure Cylinder. 

4. Back-Pressure in the High-Pi-essure Cylinder becomes For- 
ward Pressure in the Low-Pressure Cylinder. 

5. The near Equivalent of an Experimental Compound Engine, 
and of Steam for Working it; Guage-Pressure and Absolute- 
Pressure ; Expansion-Diagram and Indicator Diagram. 

6. Further Development of the Equivalent of a Sectional Com- 
pound Engine; its Mechanism. 

7. Determination of "Drop" in the Receiver, and of the 
Pressure resulting when volumes of Steam at Different Pres- 
sures are put into communication with each other. 

8. Final development of the near Equivalent of an Experi- 
mental Compound Engine. 

9. Horse Power from Indicator-Diagram. 

10. Reasons why the Compound Engine is Economical; The 
Heat Trap Theory; Cylinder Ratios and Receiver Proportions. 

11. Receiver Proportions (conttnued). 

12. Addition of Theoretical Curve of Expansion to Indicator 
Diagram; Superheat due to Drop. 

13. Compounds, Triples and Quadruples; Steam Jackets. 

14. The Condenser and Air Pump. 

15. The Condenser and Air Pump, (conttnued) . 

Appendix; With tables of dimensions of various types of Com- 
pound Engines. 102 pages. With 63 illustrations, detail draw- 
ings and folding plates, 12mo., cloth, $1.00. J 



Mechanical Draft. 

BY 

J. H. KINEALY, M. Am. Soc. M.E. 

Past President American Society Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 



PREFACE. 
In writing this book the author has assumed that those who 
will use it are familiar with boilers and engine plants, and he 
has had in mind the practicing engineer who is called upon to design 
power plants, and who must therefore decide when it is best to use 
some form of mechanical draft. The arrangement of the book is 
what the experience of the author in making calculations for mech- 
anical draft installations has shown him is probably the best. 
And he has tried to arrange the tables in such a way and in such 
a sequence that they may prove as useful to others as they have 
to him. 

CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS. 

1. General Discussion. Introduction; systems of mechanical 
draft; chimneys v. mechanical draft; mechanical draft and econ- 
omizers. 

2. Forced Draft. Systems; closed fire-room system; closed 
ashpit system ; small fan required ; usual pressure ; forced draft and 
economisers; advantages; disadvantages. 

3. Indttced Draft. Introduction; temperature of gases; advan- 
tages; disadvantages. 

4. Fuel and Air. Weight of coal to be burned; evaporation 
per lb. of coal; effect of rate of evaporation; weight of air required; 
volume of air and gases ; volume of gases to handle ; leakage ; factor 
of safety. 

5. Draft. Relation to rate of combustion; resistance of grate; 
resistance due to economizer; draft required under different con- 
ditions. 

6. Economizers. Effect- of adding; ordinary proportion and 
cost; increase of temperature of feed water. 

7. Fans. Type and proportions of fan used; relation between 
revolution of fan and draft; capacity of fan. 

8. Proportioning THE Parts. Diameter of fan wheel required; 
speed at which the fan must run; power required to run the fan; 
size of engine required; steam used by fan engine; choosing the fan 
for forced draft, for induced draft without economizer, for induced 
draft with economizer; location of the fan; breeching and up-take; 
inlet chamber; discharge chimney; by-pass; water for bearings, 

Appendix. Tables. Index. 156 pages. 13 plates. 16mo. 
Cloth, $2.00. 



I 



MODEL RAILWAYS. A handbook on the^choice of model loco- 
motives and railway equipment, including designs for rail forma- 
tions, and model railway signaling. By W. J. Bassett-Lowke. 
72 pages, 80 illustrations, 8vo., paper. 25c. 

THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE, its Design and Construction. A 
practical manual on the building and management of Miniature 
Railway Engines, by Henry Greenley. The book deals primarily 
with working model locomotives in all sizes, and for the most part 
for those built for the instruction and amusement of their owners. 
The subject is treated thoroughly and practically and profusely 
illustrated with details, diagrams and a number of large folding 
scale drawings. 276 pages, 9 in. x 5| in., cloth. $2.50.| 

THE WORLD'S LOCOMOTIVES. A digest of the latest loco- 
motive practice in the railway countries of the world. By Chas. 
S. Lake. Contents of Chapters: 1. Introduction: Exigencies of 
Locomotive Design, Boiler Design and Construction. 2. Loco- 
motive Types; Cylinder and Wheel Arrangements. 3. British 
Locomotives: 4-4-0 Type Express Engines. 4. British Locomotives : 
4-4-2 Type Express Engines. 5. British Locomotives: Six Coupled, 
Single, and other Types of Express Engines. 6. British Loco- 
motives: Tank Engines. 7. British Locomotives: Shunting, Con- 
tractors, Light Railway, and Crane Locomotives. 8. British Loco 
motives: Goods Engines. 9. British Compound Locomotives. 10 
Colonial and Indian Locomotives. 11. Foreign Locomotives: Four- 
Coupled Express Engines. 12. Foreign Locomotives: 4-6-0 and 
other Types. 13. Foreign Locomotives: Tank Engines. 14. For- 
eign Locomotives: Goods Engines. 15. American Passenger Loco- 
motives. 16. American Freight Locomotives. 380 pages, 376 
illustrations, 8 large folding scale plates. 4to., cloth. $4.00 net.§ 

MODERN BRITISH LOCOMOTIVES. By A. T. Taylor. 100 
diagrams to scale, principal dimensions and tables. Preface. In 
compiling this volume, the author's object has been to produce a 
book of reference which he hopes may fill a gap which exists in 
the ranks of locomotive publications. No pains have been spared 
in making the information given as trustworthy as possible, and 
the author takes this opportunity of thanking the different loco- 
motive engineers who have so courteously supplied the required 
information. The collection of diagrams represent the latest prac- 
tice on all the leading railways of Great Britain. 118 pages, oblong, 
8vo., cloth. $2.00. 

LOCOMOTIVE CATECHISM. Containing 1600 questions and 
answers. This book commends itself to every engineer and fireman 
who are anxious for promotion. Written iii plain language. 450 
pages, 223 illustrations, 24 folding plates, cloth. $2.00.$ 

LOCOMOTIVE SLIDE VALVE SETTING. A practical little treatise 
for the apprentice and all interested in locomotives. By C. E. 
TuLLEY. 31 pages, 29 illustrations, 16mo., limp cloth. 50c. 



Screw Cutting, Turning, Etc. 

SCREW CUTTING. Turners' and fitters' pocket-book for cal- 
culating the change wheels for screws on a turning lathe and for 
a wheel cutting machine. By J. La Nica. 16mo., paper. 20c. 

SCREW CUTTING. Turner's Handbook on Screw Cutting, 
Coning, etc., with tables, examples, gauges, and formulas. . By 
Walter Price. 8vo., cloth. 40c. 

SCREW CUTTING. Tables for engineers and mechanics, giving 
the values of the different trains of wheels required to produce 
screws of any pitch. By Lord Lindsay. 8vo., oblong. 80c. 

SCREW CUTTING. Screw cutting tables, for the use of Mechan- 
ical engineers, showing the proper arrangement of wheels for cut- 
ting the threads of screws of any required pitch, with a table for 
making the universal gas-pipe threads and taps. By W. A. 
Martin. Sixth edition. Oblong, cloth. 40c. 

TURNING. The practice of hand-turning in wood, ivory, shell, 
etc., with instructions for turning such work in metal as may be 
required in the practice of turning in wood, ivory, etc., also an 
appendix on ornamental turning. (A book for beginners.) By 
Francis Campin. Third edition. Contents: On Lathes, Turning 
Took, Turning Wood, Drilling, Screw-cutting, Miscellaneous Ap- 
paratus arid Processes, Turning particular forms. Staining, Pol- 
ishing, Spinning Metals, Materials, Ornamental Turning. 300 
pages, 99 illustrations, 8vo., cloth. $1.00.* 

TURNING LATHES. A guide to Turning, Screw-cutting, Metal- 
spinning, Ornamental Turning. By James Lukin. 6th edition. 
Contents of Chapters: 1. Description of the Lathe. 2. Tools, and 
How to Use Them. 3. Hard-wood Turning. 4. Metal Turning 
with Hand Tools. 5. Slide-rest Work in Metal. 6. The Self- 
acting Lathe. 7. Chuck-making. S. Turning Articles of Square 
Section. 9. Screw-cutting by Self-acting Lathe. 10. The Over- 
head Driving Apparatus. 11. Choosing a Lathe. 12. Grirjding 
and Setting Tools. 13. Metal-spinning. 14. Beddow's (Com- 
bined) Epicjcloidal, Rose-cutting, Eccentric -cutting. Drilling, 
Fluting, and Vertical-cutting Appliances. 15. Ornamental Drill 
and Eccentric Cutter. 16. The Eccentric Chuck. 17. The Dome 
or Spherical Chuck. 18. The Goniostat. 19. The Oval Chuck. 20. 
Handy Receipts. 228 pages, illustrated. 12ino., cloth. $1.25.§ 

SPIRAL TtJRNING. An Introduction to Eccentric Spiral Turn- 
ing, or New Uses for Old Chucks. By H. C. Robinson. The Art 
of Omam.ental Turning. Chapter 1. The Spiral Line. 2. The 
Solid Spiral. 3. Trochoyds. 4. Working the Chucks. 5. The 
Oval Chuck. 6. Compounding. 7. Geometric Chuch. 8. The 
Tool-cut. 9. Drawing the Spiral, 10. Cups. With explanation 
of the plates. 48 pages, 23 illustrations and 12 fine half-tone plates, 
8vo., cloth. $2.00.* 



Gas ^n^ Oil Engines 



PRODUCER GAS. The Properties, Manufacture and Uses of 
Gaseous Fuel, by A. Humboldt Sexton, F. I. C, F. C. S. TLe 
basis of this work was a series of lectures given by the atithor sX 
the Technical College, Glasgow. Special attention has been given 
to the principles on which the production of Gaseous Fuel depends. 
Typical producers have been described including some of the 
latest forms. The work has been written from a practical man's 
standpoint and is fully illustrated with sectional drawings. 228 
pages, 32 illustrations, 8vo., cloth. $4.00 net.| 

GAS PRODUCERS for Power Purposes, describing a number of 
different plants, using various materials for making gas for power 
purposes. W. A. Tookey. 141 pages, with numerous drawings of 
plants. Boards. 50 cts.* 

PETROL MOTORS Simply Explained. A practical Handbook 
on the Construction and Working of Petrol Motors, by T. H. 
Hawley. Contents of Chapters: 1. The Principles on which a 
Petrol Motor Works. 2. The Timing Gear, , Valve Action, Cylinder 
Cooling. 3. The Carburation of Petrol. 4. Ignition Methods. 
5. Transmission and Manipulation Gearing; General Arrangement, 
etc. 6. Hints on Overhauling, and Care of Motor. 7. Maintaining 
Efficiency. 8. Some Hints on Driving. Index. 99 pages, 19 
drawings, 12nio., boards. 50 cts.* 

GAS ENGINES, their Advantages, Action and Application, by 
W. A. TooKEY. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Part I. — 
Advantages of a Gas Engine over Electric Motor; Oil Engine; Steam 
Engine; The Cost of Gas; Up-keep; Attendance; Water; Erection; 
Powers of Gas Engines; Design of Gas Engines. Part II. — Hints 
to Buyers; How Gas Engines Work; Notes on the Gas, Air, Water 
Connections; Hints to Erectors. Part III. — Notes on Starting 
and Starters; Failures and Defects; Hints to Attendants; Suction 
Gas Producers. Index. 125 pages, 10 illustrations, 12mo., boards. 
50 cts.* 

OIL ENGINES, their Selection, Erection and Correction, by 
W. A. Tookey. Second edition. The information in this prac- 
tical handbook is arranged under the following headings: Part I. — ■ 
Introductory. Part II. — Selection, Design, Hints to Purchasers. 
Part III.— Erection, Hints to Erectors. Part IV. — Correction. 
Appendix.^Various types of Stationarv Oil Engines, Portable Oil 
Engines. 142 pages, 33 illustrations, 12mo., boards. 50 cts.* 



The Design and Construction 

OF 

OiLc Engines. 



WITH FULL DIRECTIONS FOR 



Erecting, testing, Installing, Running ana Repairing. 

Including descriptions of American and English 

KEROSENE OIL ENGINES. 



By A. H. GOLrDIlVGHABI, BI.H. 



Synopsis of Contents of Chapters: 

I. Introductory ; classification of oil engines ; vaporizers ; ignition 
and spraying devices ; different cycles of valve movements. 2. On 
design and construction of oil engines ; cylinders ; crankshafts ; con- 
necting rods ; piston and piston rings ; fly-wheels; air and exhaust 
cams, valves and valve boxes ; bearings ; valve mechanism, gearing 
and levers ; proportions of engine frames ; oil-tank and filter ; oil 
supply pipes ; different types of oil engines ; cylinders made in more 
than one piece ; smgle cylinder and double cylinder engines ; crank- 
pin dimensions ; fitting parts ; assembling of oil engme ; testing 
water jackets, joints, etc. 3. Testing for leaks, faults, power, 
efficiency, combustion, compression ; defects as shown by indicator ; 
diagrams for setting valves ; how to correct faults; indicator fully 
described ; fuel consumption test, etc. 4. Coding water tanks ; 
capacity of tanks ; source of water supply ; system of circulation ; 
water pump ; exhaust silencers ; self starters ; utilization of waste 
heat of exhaust. 5. Oil engines driving dynamo; installation of 
plant ; direct and belt connected ; belts ; power for electric lighting ; 
loss of power. 6. Oil engines driving air compressors; direct con- 
nected and geared ; table of pressures ; pumping outfits ; oil engines 
driving ice and refrigeration outfits. 7. Full instructions for run- 
ning different kinds of oil engines. 8. Hints on repairs ; adjustment 
of crank-shaft and connecting rod bearing ; testing oil inlet valves 
and purap ; fitting new spur gears, etc. q. General descriptions with 
illustrations of American and English oil engines ; methods of work 
ing ; portable oil engines, etc., etc. Index and tables. 

^XIII. + ig6 pages, 7i ac Si, 79 illustrations, cloth. $2.00 



PRACTICAL, HANDBOOK 



a^s .mmmimm 






WUh Instructions for Care and Working of the Ss.^e. 
By G. LIECKFELD, C.E. 

TRANSLATED WITH PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR BY 

Geo. Richmond, M.E. 

TO WHICH HAS BEEJ*; ADDED FULL DIRECTIONS FOR THE RUNNING O? 

OIL ENGINES. 



CONTENTS. 
Choosing and installing a gas engine. The construction of good 
gas engines. Examination as to workmanship. ^ As to running. Ars 
to economy. Reliability and durability of gas engines. Cost of in- 
stalling a gas engine. Proper erection of a gas engine. Construc- 
tion of the foundation. Arrangement for gas pipes. Rubber bag. 
■"■-Qcking devices. Exhaust pipes. Air pipes. Setting up gas eu- 
g*. es. Brakes and their use in ascertaining the power of gas en- 
gines. Theory of the brake. The Brauer band brake. Arrange- 
ment of a brake test. Explanation of the expressions ' ' Brake 
Power " and " Indicated Power." Comparisons of the results of the 
brake test and the indicated test. Quantity of work consumed bv 
external friction of the engine Distribution of heat in a gas engine'. 
Attendance on gas engines. General remarks. Gas engine ou. 
Cylinder lubricators Rules as to starting and stopping a gas engine. 
The cleaning of a gas engine. General observations and specific ex- 
amination for defects. Different kinds of defectives. The engine 
refuses to work. Non-starting of the engine. Too much pressure 
on the gas. Water in the exhaust pot. Difficulty in starting the en- 
gine. Clogged slide valve. Leaks in gas pipes. Unexpected 
stopping of engine. Irregular running. Loss of power. Weak g as 
mixtures. Late ignition. Cracks in air inlet. Back firing. Knock- 
ing and pounding inside of engine. Dangers and precautionary 
measure in handling gas engines. Examination of gas pipes. Pre- 
cautions when : - Opening gas valves. Removing piston from cylin- 
der. Examining with light openings of gas engines. Dangers in 
starting Dangers in cleaning. Safeguards for fly-wheels. Danger 
of putting on belts. Oil Gog^ines. Gas engines with producer 
gas. Gasoline and oil engines The " Hornsby-Akroyd ' oil engine. 
Failure to start. Examination of engine in detail. Vaporizer valvt 
box. Full detailed directions for the management of Oil Bingines, 
Concluding remarks. 120 pages, illustrated, 12 mo, cloth, $1.00 



Dubelle-s Famous Formulas. 

KNOWN AS 

Non Plus Ultra Soda Fountain Requisites of Modern Times 

By li. H. DfJBKI^I^E;. 

A practical Receipt Book fo; //ruggisis, Chemists, Confectioners and Venders 
of Soda Water. 

S^A'OPSIS OF CONTENTS. 

Introduction. — l>iotes on natural fruit juices and improved me- 
thods for their preparation. Selecting the fruit. Washing and 
pressing the fruit. Treating the juice. Natural fruit syrups and 
mode of preparation. Simple or stock syrups. 

FORMULAS. 

Fruit Syrups.— Blackberry, black current, black raspberry, ca- 
tawba, cherry, concord grape, cranberry, lime, peach, pineapple, 
plum, quince, raspberry, red current, red orange, scuppernong grape, 
strawberry, wild grape. New Improved Artificial Fruit Syrups — 
Apple, apricot, banana, bitter orange, blackberry, black current, 
cherry, citron, curacoa, grape, groseille, lemon, lime, mandarin, mill 
berry, nectarine, peach, pear, pineapple, plum, quince, raspberry, 
red current, strawberry, sweet orange, tangerine, vanilla. Fancy 
Soda Fou.ntain Syrups. — Ambrosia, capillaire, coca-kina, coca-van- 
illa, coca-vino, excelsior, imperial, kola coca, kola-kina, kola-vanilla, 
kola-vino, nectar, noyean, orgeat, sherbet, syrup of roses, syrup of 
violets. Artificial Fruit Essences. — Apple, apricot, banana, berg- 
amot, blackberry, black cherry, black currant, blueberry, citron, 
cranberry, gooseberry, grape, lemon, lime fruit, melon, nectarine, 
orange, peach, pear, pineapple, plum, quince, raspberry, red currant, 
strawberry. Concentrated Fruit Phosphates. Acid solution of 
phosphate, strawberry, tangerine, wild cheery. — 29 different formulas. 
New Malt Phosphates — 36. Foreign and Domestic Wine Phos- 
phates— 9. Cream-Fruit Lactarts — 28. Soluble Flavoring Ex- 
tracts and Essences— 14. New Modern Punches— 18. Milk 
Punches — 17. Fruit Punches— 32. Fruit Meads — 18. New FrUiT 
Champagnes — 17. New Egg Phosphates — 14. Fruit Juice Shakes 
— 24. Egg Phosphate Shakes. Hot Egg Phosphate Shakes. 
Wine Bitter Shakes— 12. Soluble Wine Bitters Extracts — 12. 
Niiw Italian I, emonades — 18. Ice Cream Sodas— 39. Non-Poison- 
ous Colors. Foam Preparations. Miscellaneous Formulas— 26. 
Latest Novelties in Soda Fountain Mixtures— 7. Tonics. — Beef, 
iron and cinchona; hypophosphite ; beef and coca ; beef, wine and 
iron ; beef, wine, iron and cinchona ; coca and calisaya. Lactarts. 
— Imperial tea ; mocha coffee ; nectar; Persian sherbert. Punches. 
Extracts. — Columbia root beer; ginger tonic; soluble hop ale 
Lemonades. — French ; Vienna. Egg nogg. Hop ale. Hottom. Malt 
wine. Sherry cobbler. Saratoga milk shake. Pancretin and wine. 
Kola-coco cordial.'' Iron malt phosphate. Pepsin, wine andiron, etc 
157 Pages. Nearly 500 Formulas. 12mo, Clotk, $ 



MODEL ENGINEER Vol. 7. 



How to Become an Electrical Engineer. 

How to Make a Lever Switch. Illustrated. 

How to flake a Model Battleship. Detail Drawing. 

How to Haice an Air Compressor, for Driving Model Engines. Detail 

Drawings. 
How to set a Simple Slide Valve. Illustrated. 
How to Make a Simple Model Steamer. Diagram. 
How to Make an Electrical Indicator. Detail Drawings. 
How to Make a Model blectric Launch. Detail Drawii>gs. 
^ Howto Make a Qramaphone. Detail Drawings. 
How to Test Sma I Engines and Boilers. Diagrams. 
How to Make Clock Work Locomotives Detail Drawings. 
How to Make a Model Vertical Marine Engine. Detail Drawings. 
How to riake a Built-Up Horizontal Steam Engine. Detail Drawings. 
How to Make a 40=Ampere-Hour Accumulator. Illustrated. 
Howto Make a Model Steam Travelling Crane. Detail Drawings. 
How to Make a 1 10 H. P. hlectric Motor. Detail Drawings. 
How to Make a Small Lathe from " Scrap." illustrated. 
How to Hake a Power Fretsaw Detail Drawings. 
How to Make a Spring Lathe Chuck. Diagrams. 
Model " Willians" Central Valve Engine. Detail Drawings. 
Two Simp'e Forms of Resistance. Illustrated. 

The Motor Bicycle: Its Design, Construction and Use. Many Detail Draw- 
ings. 
Th^ Rating of Model Yachts. With Diagrams. 

lia^ '^tuart Compound Vertical Engine. Complete Detail Drawings. 
Coristruction of Dug out Hodel Yachts. Detail Drawings. 
Construction of 1 2 H. P. Water Motor. Illustrated. 
Mr. Taylor's Model Launch Engine. Illustrated 
The Pitmaston=Moor=Green Model Railway, illustrated. 
Model Tank Locomotive. Detail Drawings. 
Mr Willis' Model Steam Launch Illustrated. 
Original Designs for 750=watt Direct Coupled High Speec? Steam Engines. 

and Dynamos with Fu'.l Details. 
A Four Inch Screw Cutting Lathe. Illustrated 
Detail Drawings for 80=watt Multipolar Dynamo. 
Design for 100-watt Manchester Type Dynamo. 
Model Electric Railway. " Three Rail System," with Diagrams. 
Models made without a Lathe. Some Notes on a Large Static Alachine. 
The Castelli Coherer for Wireless Telegraphy. Illustrated. 
A Cheap Petrol Carburetter for Small Gas Engines Illustrated. 
A Neat Model Electric Launch. 

A Water-RegulatiBig Resistance for a 1-in. to 2- in. Spark Coil. Diagrams. 
A Carbon Electrolytic Intert-uptor Illustated. 

With many pages of Short Articles, Practical Letters, Notes. Questions and 
Answers, Book Notices, Yachting Notes, New Tools, Supplies, &c. 

286 pages, 311 Diagrams, 101 Half-Tones, 17 Full Single 
Page and Two Double Page Scale Drawings. Bound in Cloth, 
Price, S2.00, flet. 

Copies Mailed to any part of the World on Receipt of 
Price 



J@€€^t€€€t«€«S«« 



Workshop 

^I^GEIPTS 

THE MOST COMPLETE 

Technical Cjclopedia iq 5 Vol^. 

Pif^Qf ^PriP**: Principal Contents.— Bronzes, Cements, Dyeing 

I iijsi, t^s^t i^o. Electrometallurgy, Enamels, Etchings, Fireworks, 
Fluxes, Fulminates, Gilding, Gums, Japanning. Lacquers, Marble Working, 
Nitro-Glycerine, Photography, Pottery, Varnishes, etc., etc. 420 pages, 103 
illustrations, l^i^^, ;;cih, $2.00. 

Qf^rTknH ^p>fJ*»c Principal Contents.- Acidimetry, Albumen, 
C7CW/U11U *:7CI ICd. Alcohol, Alkaloids, Bitters, Bleaching, Boiler 
Incrustations, Cleansing, Confectionerj-, Copying, Disinfectants, Essences. 
Extracts, Fi e-proofing. Glycerine. Gut, Iodine, Ivory Substitutes. Leather, 
Matches Pigments, Paint, Paper, Parchment, etc., etc. 485 pages, 16 illustra- 
tions, 12mo, cloth, $2.00. 

Thit*/! ^P'fip'C PrincipalContents.— Alloys, Aluminium, Antimony, 
1 IIIIU OCI IC». Copper, Electrics, Enamels, Glass Gold, Iron and 
Steel, Liquors, Lead, Lubricants, Magnesium, Manganese, Mercury, Mica, 
Nickel, Platirum, Silver, Slag. Tin, Uranium, Zinc, etc., etc. 480 pages, 183 
illustrations, 12mo, cloth, |2.00. 

PrtUffh ^<^l*if« Principal Contents — Water-proofing, Packing 
rtlU rHI 4Z5CI ICS. and Stowing, Embalming and Preserving 
Leather Polishes, Cooling Air and Water Pumps and Siphons, Dessicating, 
Distilling, Emulsifying, Evaporating, Filtering, Percolating and Macerating, 
Electrotyping, Stereotyping Book-binding, Straw-plaiting, Musical Instru- 
ments, Clock and Watch Mending, Photography, etc., etc. 443 pages, 243 illu.s- 
trations, 13mo, cloth, $2 00. 

T7;f4.|. C£kf*i^c Principal Contents.— Diamond Cutting, Laboratory 

rllLn oCriCa. Apparatus, Copying, Filtering, Fire-proofing, Magic 
Lanterns, Metal Work, Percolation, Illuminating Agents, Tobacco Pipes, Taps, 
Tying and Splicing. Tackle Repairing Books. Netting, Walking Sticks. Boat- 
Building, etc., etc, 440 pages, 373 illustrations, 12mo, cloth, $2.00. 

BA.CH SCRIES lias itso-wn Contents and Index^ 
and is complete In itself. 



^^#€€€®« 



BOOKS ON AERONAUTICS. 

RESISTANCE OF AIR AND THE QUESTION OF FLYING. Ey 

A. Samuelson. An important lecture of considerable interest to 
those- interested in Aeronautics. Contents: Introduction. The 
Resistance of Plastic Bodies. Air-pressttre on Flat Bodies. The 
Centre of Air-pressure. Distribution of the Air-pressure on the 
Single Elements of an Inclined Plane. The Normal Air-pressure 
on a Thin Plane Inclined at an Angle to the Direction of Motion. 
Lilienthal's Balance of Rotation. The Numerical Value of the 
Normal Pressure. Flying in General. Flying in Reality. Hori- 
zontal Flight by Wing-Flapping. Steering and other Effects of 
the. Stroke. Conclusions. 23 illustrations, 8vo., paper. 75c. f 

FLIGHT-VELOCITY. By A. Samuelson. Thiswork is a short 
comprehension of extensive scientific investigation and experi- 
mental work. Contents: The Rowing Flyer No. 5. The Motor 
Mechanism. The Fundamental Conditions of Flying by Wing 
Flapping. The Wings. The Re-sail. Flight Velocity. Living 
Flyers. Plane or Concave Supporting Surfaces. The False Reso- 
lution of Forces. , The Erroneous Opinion : the Breadth of an In- 
cline Plane Prevails over its Length. The Centre of Air-pressure, 
and the Distribution of the Pressure. On the Single Parts of an 
Inclined Plane. The Principle: the Normal Air-pressure of an In- 
clined Plane is independent of the Angle of Inclination. Tables 
of Motion at Varying Angles. The Human Flight. Conclusions. 
With five plates, 8vo., paper. 75c.J 

FLYING MACHINES. Past, Present and Future. A popular ac- 
count of flying machines, dirigible balloons. By A. W. Marshall 
and H. Greenly. Whilst the matter in this book is intended as a 
popular exhibition of the subject, it includes information which 
will assist the reader with serious intentions of making an attempt 
to produce a flying machine or air-ship. A great deal of sound 
experimental work has been done, forming a basis upon which 
future plans can be calculated. An account of some of this work 
is here given. Contents of Chapters: 1. Introduction. Dr. Barton's 
Air-ship. Lebaudy's Military Air-ship. The Deutsch Air-ship. 
The Wellman Air-ship. Motors of the Wellman Air-ship. Chapter 2. 
Dirigible Balloons. Giffard's. Dupuy de Lome. Tissandiers'. 
Krebes'. Santos Dumont's, No. 6 and No. 9. Spencer's Air-ship. 
Barton's. Maxim's Flying Machine. Archdeacon's Air Propeller 
Cycle. Barton's, Rawson's, Baulx, Zeppelin, Deutsch, Lambert, 
Wellman's Air-ships. Trolanini's Air-propelled Boat. Chapter 3. 
Flying Machines. Giving a Number of those made by Hargrave 
and also by Phillips, Ader, Maxim, Pilsher's Soaring Wings, Lang- 
ley, Bastine, Bleirot, Voison, Wright's Gliding Aeroplane, and 
numerous others. Chapter 4. The Art of Flying. Chapter 5. 
Fhdng Machines of the Future. 134 pages, illustrations and page 
nlates, 12mo. 50c.* 



EDUCATIONAL WOODWORK. By A. -C. Horth. A complete 
manual for teachers and organizers of woodworking classes. Con- 
tents: 1. First Year Course. 2. Second Year Course. 3. Third 
Year Course. 4. Fittings and Furniture. 5. Discipline. 6. Organ- 
ization and Method. 7. The Instruction of the Physically and 
Mentally Deficient and Blind. 8. Object Lessons. Fully illus- 
trated with photographs, drawings and facsimile blackboard les- 
sons. 159 pages, 12mo., cloth. $1.00.t 

THE BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO CARPENTRY. A practical hand- 
book for Amateurs and Apprentices. By Henry Jarvis. Con- 
tents of Chapters: 1. Indispensable Tools. 2. How to Use the Saw. 

3. How to Use the Plane. 4. How to Use Chisels and Gouges. 
5. How to Use the Spokeshave, Axe, Pincers, Compasses, Gimlets, 
Brad-awls, Hammer, etc. 6. Making the Bench. 7. Timber: 
How Sold, etc. 8. Additional Tools and How to Use Them. 9. 
Sharpening Tools. 10. Home-made Tools and Appliances. 11. 
Facing up and Setting out Work. 12. On Setting out and Putting 
Together Work Joining at Other than Right Angles. 13. Glue: 
How to Purchase, Prepare, and Use. 14. How to Make Joints: 
Use of the Plough, etc. 15. Ornamenting Work, Curved Work, 
Scribing, etc. 128 pages, 99 illustrations, 12mo., lioards. 50c.* 

MODEL SAILING YACHTS. How to Build, Rig. and Sail Them. 
A practical handbook for Model Yachtsmen. Edited by Percival 
Marshall. Contents of Chapters: 1. Introductory: Types of 
Yachts and Rigs: How to Choose a Model Yacht. 2. The Rating 
of Model Yachts. 3. The Construction of " Dug-Out " Yachts. 

4. The Construction of " Built-Up " Yachts. 5. Sails and Sail 
Making. 6. Spars and Fittings. 7. Rudders and Steering Gears. 
8. Notes on Sailing. 144 pages, 107 illustrations, 12mo., boards. 
50c.* 

WOODWORK JOINTS. How to make and where to use them; 
including mortise and tenon joints,' lap joints, dovetail joints, 
glue joints and scarfing joints. With a chapter on Circular Wood- 
work, revised and enlarged edition. A practical guide for wood- 
workers. 101 pages, 178 illustrations. 25c. 

THE BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO FRETWORK. Containing full 
instructions on the Use of Tools and Materials; and six full size 
fretwork designs. With 39 pages and 26 illustrations. 25c. 

VENEERING, MARQUETRY AND INLAY. A practical instruc- 
tion book in the art of S)ecorating Woodwork by these Methods. 
By P. A. Wells. 79 pages, 37 illustrations, 25c. 

SOFT WOODS AND COLONIAL TIMBERS. The selection and 
uses of soft woods and colonial timbers. The cultivation, cutting 
and seasoning. By P. A. Wells. 57 pages, 15 illustrations. 25c. 

HARD WOODS, ENGLISH AND FOREIGN. A practical de- 
scription of hard and fancy woods used by the carpenter and 
cabinet maker. By P. A. Wells. 79 pages, 19 illustrations. 25c. 



A WORK THAT SHOULD BE IN YOUR BOOKCASE. 



The gfeneral method of tfeatment of each subject, is first 
the raw materials worked upon, its characteristics, variations 
and suitability; secondly, the tools used, the sharpening 
and use; thirdly, devoted to typical examples of work to be 
done, materials, and how to do similar work, etc 

THE FOLLOWINQ ARE THE PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. 

Mechanical Drawing, (13 pages.) 

Mechanical Movements, (55 pages.) 

Casting and Founding in Brass and Bronze, (30 pages.) 

Forging and Finishing, (46 pages.) 

Soldering in all its branches, (26 pages.) 

Sheet Metal Working, (10 pages.) 

Turning and Turning Lathes, ,(31 pages.) 

Carpentry, (224 pages.) 

Log Huts, Building, Etc., (8 pages.) 

Cabinet-Making, (36 pages.) Upholstery, (6 pages.) 

Carding and Fretwork, (13 pages.) 

Picture Frame Making, (4 pages.) 

Printing, Graining and Marbling, (28 pages.) 

Staining, (13 pages.) Gilding, (3 pages.) 

Polishing, (23 pages.) Varnishing, (4 pages.) 

Paper Hanging, (4 pages.) Glazing, (7 pages.) 

Plastering and White Washing, (9 pages.) 

Lighting, (8 pages.) 

Foundations and Masonry, (46 pages.) 

Roofing, (14 pages.) 

Ventilating and Warming, (13 pages.) 

Electric Bell and Bell Hanging, Gas Fitting, (8 pages.) 
/ Roads and Bridges, Banks, Hedges, Ditches and Drains, As*" 
phalt Cement Floors, Water Supply and Sanitation. 
Ifotal number of pages 702. Total number illustrations 1 ,420 

Boundin substantial half-extra, - PRICE BY MAIL ONLY $2.50 
We have aa 8 page circular giving full contents which will be seni 
fcee oa application* 



USE FUL BO OKS. 

Picture Frame Making- for Amateurs.— Being prav> 

tical instructions in tiie making of various kinds of frames, etc. By 
James Lukin, B.A. Contents of Chapters : — Necessary tools and 
materials. Mitred and veneered frames. Round and oval frames. 
Oxford frames. Bamboo or Japanese work frames. Carved and 
fretwork frames. Miniature and photograph frames Leatherwork 
frames. Additional tools and materials. 84 pages, 42 illustrations, 
8vo., paper, 40cts. 

Polislies and Stains for 'Woods —How to use and 
prepare them. By David Denning. Contents of Chapters:— Intro- 
ductory. General remarks on polishing. French polishing and 
bodying in. Spiriting off in French polishing. Glazing as a means 
of finishing. The workroom and its fittings. Fillers for wood to be 
French polished. Wax polishing. Oil polishing. Dry shining and 
polishing turned work, fretwork, marquetry and inlaid work. Stain- 
ing and darkening woods. Ebonizing woods and dull polishing. 
Preparation of polishes. Preparation of stains. 70 pages, Svo, 
paper. 40 cts. 

'Wood Carvlns: for Amateurs.— Containing descriptions 
of all the requisite tools and full in.'-tructions for their use. By D. 
Denning. Contents of Chapters :— Preliminary. Tools. Wood. 
Bench, and methods of holding work. Sharpening tools. Panel 
carving. "Various examples for carving. Chip-carving. Antique 
carving. Index. 84 pages, 56 illustrations and 8 folding plates, 
i2mo., paper. 40 cts. 

French Polishers Manual, by a French Polisher. A 
practical guide. Contents :— Wood staining; washing; matching; 
improving; painting; imitation; directions for staining; sizing and 
embodying; smoothing; spirit varnishing; French polishing; direc- 
tions for repolishing; general remarks and useful receipts. 31 pages, 
i6mo. , paper. 20 cts. 

Bookbinding- for Amateurs, being descriptions of the 
various tools and appliances required and minute instructions for 
their effective use. By W. J. E. Crane. Contents of Chapters: 
I. Introductory. 2. Tools and appliances. 3 Materials. 4. Fold- 
ing. 5. Placing plates, beating and pressing bcToks. 6. Sawing and 
sewing. 7. Affixing end papers, rounding and backing. 8. Getting 
into boards. 9 Cutting and bevelling in boards. 10. Coloring 
edges. It. Gilding edges. 12. Materials for marbling edges. 13. 
Marbling edges or paper. 14. Headbands and registers. 15. Lining 
the back. 16. Covering 17. Marbling and coloring leather. 18. 
Pain finishing. 19. Half and full gilt finishing. 20. Antique and 
monastic finishing. 21. Whole bound finishing. 22. Conclusion. 
Index. 184 pages. 156 illustrations, 1 2mo, cloth. $1.00.* 

Artistic Amusements, being instructions for a variety of 
art work for home employment, and suggestions for novel and salea- 
ble articles for fancy bazaars. Index. 113 pages, illus., cloth, %i.oo. 



P^D^ COLOR Mixing. 

A Practical Handbook 

For Painters, Decorators, and all Who Have to Mix Colors. 

Containing many samples of Oil and Water Paints of various 

colors, including the principal Graining Grounds, and upwards 

of 500 different Color Mixtures, with Hints on Color and 

Paint Mixing generally. Testing Colors, Receipts for 

Special Paints, &c., &c. 

By ARTHUR SEYMOUR JENNINGS. 



Second Edition, Rewritten and Considerably Enlarged. 



Contents of Chapt^ers. 
I. — Paint and Color Mixing. 
II. — Colors or Strainers. 
III. — Reds and How to Mix Them. 
IV. — Blues and How to Mix Them. 
V. — Yellows and How to Mix Them. 
VI. — Greens and How to Mix Them. 
VII. — Browns and How to Mix Them. 
VIII. — Greys and How to Mix them. 
IX.— Whites and How to Mix Them. 
X. — Black Japan in Color Mixing. 
XI. — Graining Grounds and Graining Colors. 
XII. — Water Paints, Painting and Varnishing over Water Paints, 

Distempers, &c. 
XIII. — Testing Colors, Purity of Materials, Tone, Fineness of 

Grinding, Spreading Capacity, &c. 
XIV. — Notes on Color Harmony. 
XV. — Tables, Notes and Receipts, Care of Brushes, Putty Receipts, 

&c. Description of Colored Plates. Index. 



The eight plates contain 171 samples of Colors, Graining Grounds, Tints of 
Water Paints, and Non-^Poisonous Distempers. 

This is the most Practical and l^p^to^Date Work on this Subject, is very 
clearly written, and will enable any man who studies it to make Bigger Wages. 

With 149 pages of descriptive matter, 8vo, cloth, price, $2.50 



MAR 9 '908 
4 NEW AMERICAN BOOK ON INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL. 



A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK ON THE 

Distillation of Alcohol 

FROM FARM PRODUCTS AND 

DE=NATURINQ ALCOHOL. 

By R B. WRIGHT. 



Including the Free Alcohol Law and its Amendment, the Govern- 
ment regulations therefore and a number of U. S. government 
authorized de-naturing formulas. 

In the preparation of this, the second edition, the author has 
followed his original plan of writing a plain practical handbook on 
the manufacture of alcohol and de-naturing for industrial pur- 
poses. This industry is bound to grow to enormous proportions 
as it has in Germany where over 100,000,000 gallons were manu- 
factured last year principally in small farm distilleries. This work 
is not intended as a scientific treatise but as a help to farmers 
and others wishing to go into this industry on a moderate scale. 

The original matter has been carefully revised. Some of the 
chapters rewritten and a very considerable amount of new informa- 
tion added. The total number of illustrations brought up to 60 
including a number of plates giving the layout of distilleries. 

Contents of Chapters. 

1, Alcohol, its various forms and sources. 2, The preparation 
of mashes and Fermentation. 3, Simple Distilling Apparatus. 4, 
Modern Distilling Apparatus. 5, Rectification. 6, Malting. 7 
Alcohol from Potatoes. 8, Alcohol from Grain, Com, Wheat, Rice 
and other Cereals. 9, Alcohol from Beets. 10, Alcohol from Molasses 
and Sugar Cane. 11, Alcoholometry. 12, Distilling Plants. Their 
general arrangement and equipment. 13, De-natured Alcohol and 
U. S. Authorized De-naturing Formulae. 14, De-naturing Regu- 
lations in the United States. Index. 

281 pages, 60 illustrations and plates, 12nio., cloth, Sl.OO.J 



mm 



Wireless Telegraphy 
For Amateurs. 

A Handbook on the Prijiciples of Rad'iotelegraphy 

and the Construction and Working of Apparatus 

for Short Distance Transmissio i. 

By R. p. HOWGRAVE-GRAHAM 

(Associate Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers) 

FULL Y ILL USTRA TED. 

CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER 

Preface 

I. History and Principles of Radio- 

Telegraphy 

II. The Poulsen System of Generating 

Electric Waves for Radiotele- 



PAGE 

5 





graphy. 




26 


III 


. Practical Radiotelegraphy 




38 




Transmitting Apparatus ... 




36 


IV 


. Receiving Apparatus 




79 




Appendix 




159 




160 pag-es, 51 illustrations, 12mo 


cloth 






PRICE $1.00 








Spon & Chamberlain 






23 


Liberty St. 


New York, 



